<i>In vivo</i> Cre-ER^T2 activation with tamoxifen results in apoptosis in primary <i>p53−/−</i> lymphoma.

<p>Mice with thymic lymphomas were treated with tamoxifen. Tumor sections were stained with a cleaved-Caspase 3 antibody. Apoptotic cells were stained brown color. The numbers in the top right corners represent the percentage of apoptotic cells. Data are presented as mean + standard deviation. Paired t test p<0.01, for Cre-ER^T2 post-treatment versus pre-treatment.</p

Changes in tumor volume upon tamoxifen treatment in control <i>p53−/−</i> and <i>UBC-Cre-ER^T2; p53−/−</i> mice as shown by MRI imaging.

<p>The coronal sections of the thymic lymphoma were shown with tumors labeled with white asterisks. The letter H denotes the location of heart. Post-treatment scans were performed 14 days after starting tamoxifen treatment.</p

Summary of tumor volume changes upon tamoxifen treatment.

<p>Relative tumor volume was calculated by dividing post-treatment tumor volume by pre-treatment tumor volume. Unpaired t test, p<0.001. The code number of each mouse is labeled on the x-axis.</p

Consensus SXR/PXR responsive element motifs in the first introns of SXR and PXR genes.

<p>(A) Consensus SXR/PXR responsive element motifs, variant direct repeat 5, were identified in the first intron of both murine PXR gene (chromosome 11) and human SXR gene (chromosome 17). The bold letters indicate consensus SXR/PXR binding motif. (B) Generation of reporter plasmid containing three copies of PXR responsive element (PXRE) and PXRE with mutation (PXREmut). Underlined letters indicate mutated nucleotides. (C) Cos7 cells were transfected with PXR or SXR expression vector and reporter plasmid containing murine PXR responsive element or mutated PXR responsive element, and β-galactosidase expression vector (β-gal). The cells were then treated with indicated concentrations of PXR agonist pregnane-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) or SXR agonist rifampicin (RIF) or vehicles: DMSO for PCN and ethanol (Et) for RIF. Data are shown as relative light units (R.L.U.) normalized by β-galactosidase activity. ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 in Dunnett’s test with vehicle treated group as a control.</p

SXR-dependent induction of Fam20a by SXR ligands.

<p>(A) ATDC5 cells were infected with adeno-SXR or adeno-DsRed and cultured in phenol red-free DMEM with charcoal/dextran-treated FCS (5%) containing rifampicin (RIF) (10 μM), vitamin K2 (VK) (10 μM), or ethanol (Et). Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was analyzed by microarray followed by hierarchical cluster analysis. A heat-map visualization of clusters including SXR-dependent ligand-induced genes is shown. Red grids indicate high expression and green grids indicate low expression. (B) SXR-dependent induction of Fam20a was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of GAPDH was used as an internal control. ***P < 0.001 in Dunnett’s test with adeno-SXR-infected ethanol-treated cells as a control. (C) Expression of Fam20a was decreased in primary articular chondrocytes derived from PXR knockout mice. Primary chondrocytes were purified from the femoral and knee joints of newborn PXR knockout mice and wild type mice. ***P < 0.001.</p

Age-dependent wearing of articular cartilage of the knee joint.

<p>(A) Width of lateral articular cartilage of the tibia in 4-month-old wild type (WT; n = 8) and PXR knockout (KO; n = 8) mice, 8 month-old wild type (WT; n = 6) and PXR knockout (KO; n = 6) mice, and 13 month-old wild type (WT; n = 5) and PXR knockout (KO; n = 4) mice is shown. (B) Gap between femoral and tibial articular cartilage of 8-month-old wild-type (WT; n = 6) and PXR knockout (KO; n = 6) mice and 13 month-old wild-type (WT; n = 5) and PXR knockout (KO; n = 4) mice are shown. **P < 0.01.</p

Wearing of articular cartilage of the knee joint in PXR knockout mouse.

<p>Representative microscopic image of articular cartilage of 8-month-old and 13-month-old wild-type and PXR knockout mice are shown. Arrowheads indicate lateral articular cartilage of the tibia.</p

Pregnane X Receptor Knockout Mice Display Aging-Dependent Wearing of Articular Cartilage

<div><p>Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and its murine ortholog, pregnane X receptor (PXR), are nuclear receptors that are expressed at high levels in the liver and the intestine where they function as xenobiotic sensors that induce expression of genes involved in detoxification and drug excretion. Recent evidence showed that SXR and PXR are also expressed in bone tissue where they mediate bone metabolism. Here we report that systemic deletion of PXR results in aging-dependent wearing of articular cartilage of knee joints. Histomorphometrical analysis showed remarkable reduction of width and an enlarged gap between femoral and tibial articular cartilage in PXR knockout mice. We hypothesized that genes induced by SXR in chondrocytes have a protective effect on articular cartilage and identified Fam20a (family with sequence similarity 20a) as an SXR-dependent gene induced by the known SXR ligands, rifampicin and vitamin K2. Lastly, we demonstrated the biological significance of Fam20a expression in chondrocytes by evaluating osteoarthritis-related gene expression of primary articular chondrocytes. Consistent with epidemiological findings, our results indicate that SXR/PXR protects against aging-dependent wearing of articular cartilage and that ligands for SXR/PXR have potential role in preventing osteoarthritis caused by aging.</p></div