1,480 research outputs found

    Mikrobielle Carbonisierung und ihr Potential fĂŒr landwirtschaftliche Kompostierung : Untersuchung reduktiver Kompostierung als Ansatz fĂŒr die regenerative Landwirtschaft

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    The search for agronomic solutions to the decline of soil health, open-ended nutrient cycles and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, against the background of impending climate change, were motivations for this thesis. A composting trial on a Swedish farm was designed to find answers to the overarching research question of how feasible and climate-friendly on-farm composting using Microbial Carbonisation (MC) is, compared to conventional windrow composting (CC). MC can be understood as the biological transformation of biomass under mesophilic and anoxic conditions, in contrast to CC, which is an aerobic and partly thermophilic decomposition process. The investigation of the MC method was approached using natural and social science methodologies. Field trials were carried out, accompanied by substrate, soil, emission and pore-gas measurements, as well as records of machinery use. In addition, interviews were conducted with farmers already using MC in Germany, to gain a better insight into its practical application and farmers’ needs. The results suggest that MC substrates can be richer in nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) after composting than CC. The machinery requirement of MC was only one tenth of the more labour-intensive CC process, which is associated with lower fossil emissions. A novelty of the present research was that nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were measured for the first time on a MC compost. Overall, on a weight basis, MC showed 30 – 40 % lower GHG emissions during composting, compared to CC. This advantage, however, was offset by 28 – 40 % higher emissions in the field on an area basis. In addition, GHG balances are highly dependent on the appropriateness of the measurementmethodology, the period under consideration and the reference unit in which the emissions are expressed. As CC showed higher N-losses during the composting process, MC overall emitted 5 – 29 % less GHG per kg N applied to the field. It was therefore not entirely clear whether MC or CC performed better in terms of GHG emissions. As MC can provide N- and C-rich substrates in a cost-efficient way, it appears promising for the use in regenerative agriculture. The farmers’ interviews supported the results of MC being cost-efficient and practicable for on-farm composting. Nevertheless, the field application of compost can substantially increase the GHG balance of what at first sight appears to be a climate friendly composting process. Future studies need to further address this issue, as well as the impact of MC substrates on soil health.Die Suche nach ackerbaulichen Lösungen fĂŒr die Abnahme der Bodengesundheit, offene NĂ€hrstoffkreislĂ€ufe sowie Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) der Landwirtschaft, vor dem Hintergrund des drohenden Klimawandels, waren Motivation fĂŒr diese Studie. Ein Kompostierungsversuch auf einem schwedischen Landwirtschaftsbetrieb sollte Antworten auf die ĂŒbergeordnete Forschungsfrage liefern, wie praktikabel und klimafreundlich landwirtschaftliche Kompostierung mittels Mikrobieller Carbonisierung (MC) im Vergleich zur konventionellen Kompostierung (CC) ist. MC kann als biologische Umwandlung von Biomasse unter mesophilen und anoxischen Bedingungen verstanden werden, im Gegensatz zu CC, welchem ein aerober und teilweise thermophiler Abbauprozess zugrunde liegt. Die MC-Methode wurde mithilfe natur- und sozialwissenschaftlicher Methoden untersucht. Es wurden Feldversuche durchgefĂŒhrt, begleitet von Substrat-, Boden-, Emissions- und Porengas-Messungen, sowie Aufzeichnungen des Maschineneinsatzes. DarĂŒber hinaus wurden Interviews mit Landwirten gefĂŒhrt, welche MC in Deutschland bereits anwenden, um einen besseren Einblick in die praktische Anwendung und die BedĂŒrfnisse der Landwirte zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass MC-Substrate nach der Kompostierung reicher an Stickstoff (N) und Kohlenstoff (C) als CC-Substrate sein können. Der Maschinenbedarf fĂŒr MC betrug nur ein Zehntel von CC, was mit geringeren fossilen Emissionen einhergeht. Ein Novum war, dass zum ersten Mal Lachgas-Emissionen (N2O) von MC gemessen wurden. Insgesamt waren die THG-Emissionen bei MC wĂ€hrend der Kompostierung pro Tonne Kompost um 30 — 40 % niedriger als bei CC. Dieser Vorteil wurde jedoch durch 28 – 40 % höhere Emissionen (pro Hektar) auf dem Feld wieder ausgeglichen. THG-Bilanzen sind in hohem Maße von der Messmethodik, dem betrachteten Zeitraum und der Bezugseinheit abhĂ€ngig, in der die Emissionen ausgedrĂŒckt werden. Da CC wĂ€hrend der Kompostierung höhere N-Verluste aufwies, emittierte MC insgesamt 5 – 29 % weniger THG pro auf dem Feld ausgebrachtem kg N. Es war daher nicht eindeutig, ob MC oder CC in Bezug auf die THG-Emissionen besser abschnitt. Wie auch durch die Interviews bestĂ€tigt wurde, liefert MC auf kosteneffiziente Weise N- und C-reiche Substrate und erscheint damit vielversprechend fĂŒr den Einsatz in der regenerativen Landwirtschaft. Da die Ausbringung des Komposts jedoch die THG-Bilanz eines auf den ersten Blick klimafreundlichen Prozesses deutlich erhöhen kann, sollten kĂŒnftige Studien sich mit dieser Problematik sowie mit den Auswirkungen von MC-Substraten auf die Bodengesundheit nĂ€her befassen

    Liquidity Risk and Monetary Policy

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    This paper provides a framework to analyse emergency liquidity assistance of central banks on financial markets in response to aggregate and idiosyncratic liquidity shocks. The model combines the microeconomic view of liquidity as the ability to sell assets quickly and at low costs and the macroeconomic view of liquidity as a medium of exchange that influences the aggregate price level of goods. The central bank faces a trade-off between limiting the negative output effects of dramatic asset price declines and more inflation. Furthermore, the anticipation of central bank intervention causes a moral hazard effect with investors. This gives rise to the possibility of an optimal monetary policy under commitment

    A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH TO EXPLAIN THE PATH DEPENDENCY OF SEASONAL FARM LABOUR REGULATIONS IN GERMANY

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    This article introduces discourse analysis as a theoretical concept and an empirical methodology that may enable the endogenization of path creation and path breaking changes in conventional models of political path dependencies. Economic criteria such as rents created by a policy do not always provide a comprehensive explanation for path dependent political decisions. Discourse theory implies that specific interpretative schemata and narratives, such as storylines in the mass media, heavily influence the political discourse. Discourses themselves exercise a constitutive power that constrains decision-making processes and, thus, influence the ensuing policy creation path. Hence, discourses must be taken into account when political path creation is analysed. In this paper we trace over time individual storylines that represent important elements of the discourse underlying the restriction of seasonal farm workers from central and eastern European countries in Germany. We illustrate how dominant speakers and their storylines have been and currently are interacting to shape this policy.Agricultural Policy, Path Dependencies, Discourse Analysis, Seasonal Farm Labour, Institutional and Behavioral Economics,
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