Juan Antonio Seoane Camba: Professor e amigo

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Notas sobre a mais antiga legislação ambiental

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Quantificação de alergénicos polínicos ou contagem de grãos de pólen?

[SPA] Existe un consenso generalizado sobre la necesidad de conocer la aeropalinología local para poder comprender de modo adecuado la polinosis y realizar un diagnóstico etiológico correcto. Por otro lado, los datos aerobiológicos suministrados por las redes de vigilancia permiten implantar medidas eficaces para evitar la exposición. La caracterización aeropalinológica del aerosol atmosférico se realiza tradicionalmente mediante el muestreo volumétrico de las partículas en suspensión en la atmósfera y posterior recuento de los tipos polínicos y fúngicos presentes en las muestras. Uno de los métodos de muestreo más utilizado se basa en el propuesto por Hirst en 1952. La correcta identificación de los tipos polínicos y fúngicos en las muestras requiere una formación altamente especializada, para poder reconocer las características morfológicas que permiten la adecuada adscripción a un tipo polínico o fúngico. A lo largo de las últimas décadas del siglo XX fueron apareciendo en publicaciones científicas datos que dirigieron el interés de los investigadores hacia la cuantificación de los alérgenos polínicos. Además, se ha señalado la falta de relación encontrada entre los recuentos de granos de polen y los síntomas de la polinosis (rinitis, conjuntivitis y el asma). Por otro lado, existe una controversia alrededor del tamaño de los granos de polen y su posibilidad de penetrar profundamente en las vías respiratorias. Este conjunto de evidencias propiciaron la introducción del concepto de carga alergénica y la necesidad de su cuantificación en el aerosol atmosférico. Son muchos los esfuerzos que se han realizado en este sentido, en este trabajo complementaremos nuestra experiencia en el tema con una revisión de la bibliografía publicada, tratando de examinar si se puede contestar a la pregunta formulada por Beggs ya en 1998; ¿qué hay que considerar el polen o los alérgenos polínicos?. El análisis del tema permite evidenciar que no siempre hay una correlación estrecha entre los recuentos de granos de polen y la carga alergénica, en algunos casos este comportamiento es fácilmente justificable y era previsible, en otros casos las razones no son tan evidentes. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no todos los aeroalérgenos han podido ser cuantificados en el bioaerosol, por lo que todavía no nos encontramos en condiciones de sustituir los recuentos aeropalinológicos tradicionales y se requiere seguir investigando en este campo para poder desarrollar una metodología de toma de muestras y cuantificación de aeroalérgenos que pueda ser implementada en las redes de vigilancia aerobiológica de la atmósfera. Siguiendo con la revisión bibliográfica realizada se apuntan otras opciones posibles para los estudios aerobiológicos y se recoge la opinión de los autores sobre sus posibilidades de futuro. [ENG] There is a generalized consensus about the need to know the local aeropalynology in order to be able to properly understand pollinosis and make a correct etiological diagnosis. On the other hand, the aerobiological data provided by monitoring networks allow effective measures to be taken to prevent exposure. The aeropalynological characterization of the atmospheric aerosol is traditionally carried out by sampling by volume the particles suspended in the atmosphere and subsequently counting the pollen and fungus types present in the samples. One of the most commonly used sampling methods is based on the one proposed by Hirst in 1952. The correct identification of the pollen and fungus types present in the samples requires an important, previous education and training so as to be able to recognize the morphological features that would lead to a correct identification of the former. In the last decades of the 20th century data began to appear in scientific publications that drew the interest of researchers to the quantification of pollen allergens. In addition, the lack of a link between pollen grain counts and pollinosis symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma) has been pointed out. On the other hand, there is controversy around the size of pollen grains and their likelihood to penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. All this evidence led to the introduction of the concept of allergen load and the need to quantify it in the atmospheric aerosol. A lot of work has been done in this regard. In this paper we will supplement our experience in the subject matter with a review of the published literature in an attempt to determine whether we can answer the question posed by Beggs back in 1998: do we have to take pollen or pollen allergens into account? The analysis of the subject matter shows that there is not always a close correlation between pollen grain counts and the allergen load. In some cases, this behavior was expected and can be explained easily; in others, the reasons are not as clear. However, it has not been possible up until now to quantify all of the airborne allergens that are present in the bioaerosol. Thus, we are not ready to replace traditional aeropalynological counts yet and need to keep researching in this field to be able to develop a airborne allergen sampling and quantification methodology that can be implemented in aerobiological atmosphere monitoring networks. Based on the literature review we have conducted, we propose other possible avenues for aerobiological studies and voice our opinions about their future prospects. [POR] Existe um consenso generalizadosobre a necessidade de conhecer a aeropalinologia local para poder compreender de modo adequado a polinose e realizar um diagnóstico etiológico correto. Por outro lado, os dados aerobiológicos fornecidos pelas redes de vigilância permitem implementar medidas eficazes para evitar a exposição. A caracterização aeropalinológica do aerossol atmosférico realiza-se tradicionalmente através da amostragem volumétrica de partículas em suspensão na atmosfera e posterior contagem dos tipos polínicos e fúngicos presentes nas amostras. Um dos métodos de amostragem mais utilizado baseia-se no proposto por Hirst em 1952. A correta identificação dos tipos polínicos e fúngicos nas amostras requer uma importante formação prévia, que permita reconhecer as caraterísticas morfológicas necessárias a uma correta identificação. Ao longo das últimas décadas do século XX foram surgindo em publicações científicas dados que direcionaram o interesse dos investigadores para a quantificação de alergénios polínicos. Além disso, assinalou-se a falta de relação encontrada entre as contagens de grãos de pólen e os sintomas de polinoses (rinites, conjuntivites e asma). Por outro lado, existe uma controvérsia em redor do tamanho dos grãos de pólen e a sua possibilidade de penetrar profundamente nas vias respiratórias. Este conjunto de evidências propiciou a introdução do conceito de carga alergénica e a necessidade da sua quantificação no aerossol atmosférico. São muitos os esforços que se realizaram nesse sentido, neste trabalho complementaremos a nossa experiência neste tema com uma revisão da bibliografia publicada, apreciando se é possível responder à pergunta formulada por Beggs já em 1998; “O que se deve considerar, o pólen ou os alergénicos polínicos?”. A análise do tema permite evidenciar que nem sempre há uma correlação estreita entre as contagens de grãos de pólen e a carga alergénica, em alguns casos esta situação é facilmente justificável e era previsível, em outros casos as razões não são tão evidentes. Porém, até ao momento nem todos os aeroalergénios podem ser quantificados no bioaerossol, pelo que não nos encontramos em condições de substituir as contagens aeropalinológicas tradicionais, sendo necessário dar continuidade à investigação neste campo no sentido de se desenvolver uma metodologia de colheita de amostras e quantificação de aeroalergénios que possam ser implementadas nas redes de vigilância aerobiológica da atmosfera. Em consequência da revisão bibliográfica realizada registam-se outras opções possíveis para os estudos aerobiológicos e recolhe-se a opinião de outros autores sobre as possibilidades futuras

Airborne pollen allergen quantification or pollen grain counts?

There is a generalized consensus about the need to know the local aeropalynology in order to be able to properly understand pollinosis and make a correct etiological diagnosis. On the other hand, the aerobiological data provided by monitoring networks allow effective measures to be taken to prevent exposure.The aeropalynological characterization of the atmospheric aerosol is traditionally carried out by sampling by volume the particles suspended in the atmosphere and subsequently counting the pollen and fungus types present in the samples. One of the most commonly used sampling methods is based on the one proposed by Hirst in 1952. The correct identification of the pollen and fungus types present in the samples requires an important, previous education and training so as to be able to recognize the morphological features that would lead to a correct identification of the former.In the last decades of the 20th century data began to appear in scientific publications that drew the interest of researchers to the quantification of pollen allergens. In addition, the lack of a link between pollen grain counts and pollinosis symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma) has been pointed out. On the other hand, there is controversy around the size of pollen grains and their likelihood to penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. All this evidence led to the introduction of the concept of allergen load and the need to quantify it in the atmospheric aerosol.A lot of work has been done in this regard. In this paper we will supplement our experience in the subject matter with a review of the published literature in an attempt to determine whether we can answer the question posed by Beggs back in 1998: do we have to take pollen or pollen allergens into account? The analysis of the subject matter shows that there is not always a close correlation between pollen grain counts and the allergen load. In some cases, this behavior was expected and can be explained easily; in others, the reasons are not as clear. However, it has not been possible up until now to quantify all of the airborne allergens that are present in the bioaerosol. Thus, we are not ready to replace traditional aeropalynological counts yet and need to keep researching in this field to be able to develop a airborne allergen sampling and quantification methodology that can be implemented in aerobiological atmosphere monitoring networks. Based on the literature review we have conducted, we propose other possible avenues for aerobiological studies and voice our opinions about their future prospects.</p

Quantificação de alergénicos polínicos ou contagem de grãos de pólen?

There is a generalized consensus about the need to know the local aeropalynology in order to be able to properly understand pollinosis and make a correct etiological diagnosis. On the other hand, the aerobiological data provided by monitoring networks allow effective measures to be taken to prevent exposure.The aeropalynological characterization of the atmospheric aerosol is traditionally carried out by sampling by volume the particles suspended in the atmosphere and subsequently counting the pollen and fungus types present in the samples. One of the most commonly used sampling methods is based on the one proposed by Hirst in 1952. The correct identification of the pollen and fungus types present in the samples requires an important, previous education and training so as to be able to recognize the morphological features that would lead to a correct identification of the former.In the last decades of the 20th century data began to appear in scientific publications that drew the interest of researchers to the quantification of pollen allergens. In addition, the lack of a link between pollen grain counts and pollinosis symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma) has been pointed out. On the other hand, there is controversy around the size of pollen grains and their likelihood to penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. All this evidence led to the introduction of the concept of allergen load and the need to quantify it in the atmospheric aerosol.A lot of work has been done in this regard. In this paper we will supplement our experience in the subject matter with a review of the published literature in an attempt to determine whether we can answer the question posed by Beggs back in 1998: do we have to take pollen or pollen allergens into account? The analysis of the subject matter shows that there is not always a close correlation between pollen grain counts and the allergen load. In some cases, this behavior was expected and can be explained easily; in others, the reasons are not as clear. However, it has not been possible up until now to quantify all of the airborne allergens that are present in the bioaerosol. Thus, we are not ready to replace traditional aeropalynological counts yet and need to keep researching in this field to be able to develop a airborne allergen sampling and quantification methodology that can be implemented in aerobiological atmosphere monitoring networks. Based on the literature review we have conducted, we propose other possible avenues for aerobiological studies and voice our opinions about their future prospects.Existe un consenso generalizado sobre la necesidad de conocer la aeropalinología local para poder comprender de modo adecuado la polinosis y realizar un diagnóstico etiológico correcto. Por otro lado, los datos aerobiológicos suministrados por las redes de vigilancia permiten implantar medidas eficaces para evitar la exposición.La caracterización aeropalinológica del aerosol atmosférico se realiza tradicionalmente mediante el muestreo volumétrico de las partículas en suspensión en la atmósfera y posterior recuento de los tipos polínicos y fúngicos presentes en las muestras. Uno de los métodos de muestreo más utilizado se basa en el propuesto por Hirst en 1952. La correcta identificación de los tipos polínicos y fúngicos en las muestras requiere una formación altamente especializada, para poder reconocer las características morfológicas que permiten la adecuada adscripción a un tipo polínico o fúngico.A lo largo de las últimas décadas del siglo XX fueron apareciendo en publicaciones científicas datos que dirigieron el interés de los investigadores hacia la cuantificación de los alérgenos polínicos. Además, se ha señalado la falta de relación encontrada entre los recuentos de granos de polen y los síntomas de la polinosis (rinitis, conjuntivitis y el asma). Por otro lado, existe una controversia alrededor del tamaño de los granos de polen y su posibilidad de penetrar profundamente en las vías respiratorias. Este conjunto de evidencias propiciaron la introducción del concepto de carga alergénica y la necesidad de su cuantificación en el aerosol atmosférico.Son muchos los esfuerzos que se han realizado en este sentido, en este trabajo complementaremos nuestra experiencia en el tema con una revisión de la bibliografía publicada, tratando de examinar si se puede contestar a la pregunta formulada por Beggs ya en 1998; ¿qué hay que considerar el polen o los alérgenos polínicos?. El análisis del tema permite evidenciar que no siempre hay una correlación estrecha entre los recuentos de granos de polen y la carga alergénica, en algunos casos este comportamiento es fácilmente justificable y era previsible, en otros casos las razones no son tan evidentes. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no todos los aeroalérgenos han podido ser cuantificados en el bioaerosol, por lo que todavía no nos encontramos en condiciones de sustituir los recuentos aeropalinológicos tradicionales y se requiere seguir investigando en este campo para poder desarrollar una metodología de toma de muestras y cuantificación de aeroalérgenos que pueda ser implementada en las redes de vigilancia aerobiológica de la atmósfera. Siguiendo con la revisión bibliográfica realizada se apuntan otras opciones posibles para los estudios aerobiológicos y se recoge la opinión de los autores sobre sus posibilidades de futuro.Existe um consenso generalizado sobre a necessidade de conhecer a aeropalinologia local para poder compreender de modo adequado a polinose e realizar um diagnóstico etiológico correto. Por outro lado, os dados aerobiológicos fornecidos pelas redes de vigilância permitem implementar medidas eficazes para evitar a exposição.A caracterização aeropalinológica do aerossol atmosférico realiza-se tradicionalmente através da amostragem volumétrica de partículas em suspensão na atmosfera e posterior contagem dos tipos polínicos e fúngicos presentes nas amostras. Um dos métodos de amostragem mais utilizado baseia-se no proposto por Hirst em 1952. A correta identificação dos tipos polínicos e fúngicos nas amostras requer uma importante formação prévia, que permita reconhecer as caraterísticas morfológicas necessárias a uma correta identificação.Ao longo das últimas décadas do século XX foram surgindo em publicações científicas dados que direcionaram o interesse dos investigadores para a quantificação de alergénios polínicos. Além disso, assinalou-se a falta de relação encontrada entre as contagens de grãos de pólen e os sintomas de polinoses (rinites, conjuntivites e asma). Por outro lado, existe uma controvérsia em redor do tamanho dos grãos de pólen e a sua possibilidade de penetrar profundamente nas vias respiratórias. Este conjunto de evidências propiciou a introdução do conceito de carga alergénica e a necessidade da sua quantificação no aerossol atmosférico.São muitos os esforços que se realizaram nesse sentido, neste trabalho complementaremos a nossa experiência neste tema com uma revisão da bibliografia publicada, apreciando se é possível responder à pergunta formulada por Beggs já em 1998; “O que se deve considerar, o pólen ou os alergénicos polínicos?”. A análise do tema permite evidenciar que nem sempre há uma correlação estreita entre as contagens de grãos de pólen e a carga alergénica, em alguns casos esta situação é facilmente justificável e era previsível, em outros casos as razões não são tão evidentes. Porém, até ao momento nem todos os aeroalergénios podem ser quantificados no bioaerossol, pelo que não nos encontramos em condições de substituir as contagens aeropalinológicas tradicionais, sendo necessário dar continuidade à investigação neste campo no sentido de se desenvolver uma metodologia de colheita de amostras e quantificação de aeroalergénios que possam ser implementadas nas redes de vigilância aerobiológica da atmosfera. Em consequência da revisão bibliográfica realizada registam-se outras opções possíveis para os estudos aerobiológicos e recolhe-se a opinião de outros autores sobre as possibilidades futuras

Phenological and seismological impacts on airborne pollen types: A case study of Olea pollen in the Region of Murcia, Mediterranean Spanish climate

The rationale of this paper was to investigate whether earthquakes impact airborne pollen concentrations, considering some meteorological parameters. Atmospheric pollen concentrations in the Region ofMurcia Aerobiological Network (Spain)were studied in relation to the occurrence of earthquakes ofmoment magnitude (up toMw=5.1) and intensity (intensity up to grade VII on the European Macroseismic Scale). In this study, a decade (2010–2019) was considered across the cities of the network. Earthquakes were detected in 12 out of 1535 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Cartagena, 49 out of 1481 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Lorca, and 39 out of 1441 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Murcia. The Olea pollen grains in this network were attributed to the species Olea europaea, i.e., the olive tree, a taxon that appears widely in the Mediterranean basin, in both cultivated and wild subspecies. Differences between the Olea concentration on days with and without earthquakes were only found in Lorca (Kruskal-Wallis: p-value=0.026). The low frequency and intensity of the earthquakes explained these results. The most catastrophic earthquake felt in Lorca on May 11th, 2011 (IVII, Mw=5.1, 9 casualties) did not result in clear variations in pollen concentrations, while meteorology (e.g., African Dust Outbreak) might have conditioned these pollen concentrations. The research should be broadened to other active seismological areas to reinforce the hypothesis of seismological impact on airborne pollen concentrations.This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government, grant number SICAAP-CPI RTI2018-096392-BC21; the Interministerial Committee of Science and Technology, grant numbers BOS2000-0563-C02-02, BOS2003-06329-C02-02, and BOS 2006-15103; and the Seneca Foundation of the Region of Murcia, grant number 08849/PI/08. The anonymous reviewers are thanked for their comments to improve the quality of the manuscript. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Belén Elvira-Rendueles for her advice and commitment with REAREMUR and, Ms. Paula García López, technician at REAREMUR, funded by the Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (code: PTA2017-13571-I). Authors thank NOAA for providing the synoptic charts, AEMET for the meteorological data and IGN for the seismological information. Gratitude is also shown to Laura Wettersten for the language edition

Weak pressure gradient over the Iberian Península and African dust outbreaks: a new dust long transport scenario

African dust outbreaks over the Iberian Peninsula have been related to four synoptic patterns responsible for the advection of dust: 1. A North African high located at surface level. 2. An Atlantic depression centered over northwestern Africa, western Iberia or the southwest of the Portuguese coast with an associated high or ridge over the Mediterranean Sea. 3. A North African depression. 4. A North African high located at upper levels. Consequently, particulate matter (PM) levels in Iberia are expected to rise when any of these atmospheric synoptic scenarios prevail. Nevertheless, PM levels might not increase due to wet deposition, as Spain receives the most African-derived dust rain events of any European country. In this study, a meteorological scenario different than the above situations is evaluated

Saneamento da cidade de Cartagena de Levante

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Cannabis, an emerging aeroallergen in southeastern Spain (Region of Murcia)

The evolution of the behaviour of the Cannabis taxon in the Region of Murcia, Spain, has been analysed (in the cities of Cartagena, 1993–2020; Murcia, 2010–2020; and Lorca, 2010–2020). An attempt has been made to establish the origin of Cannabis pollen in this region to determine whether it is transported locally or from long distances based on air mass origins. Cannabis is an herbaceous, normally dioecious and anemophilous plant, which produces large quantities of pollen grains. It has been widely used for fibre (hemp), bird food (hempseed), essential oils and narcotics. The origin of Cannabis pollen grains has been established by calculating back trajectories at the altitudes of: 750, 1500 and 2500 m above mean sea level (m amsl); 350, 500 and 650 m amsl; and 10, 100 and 250 m amsl, using the HYSPLIT model. Considering this data, 29 days of Cannabis pollen potentially originating in Africa were identified in Cartagena, 19 days in Murcia and 15 days in Lorca. Of the remaining days, the air mass back trajectories showed local or regional pollen origins. These were 83 days in Cartagena, 61 days in Murcia and 57 days in Lorca. The presence of Cannabis in the bioaerosol of the Region of Murcia is irregular, and it is considered a minority pollen type. However, from 2017 to 2020, concentrations increased, with a positive and significant trend of 90% in the Annual Pollen Integral. The pollen season can be defined between June and August. This increase in the concentration of Cannabis pollen grains during this period coincides with an increase in local transport, suggesting the possibility of increased Cannabis cultivation in the study area