144 research outputs found
Tobacco waste in Bosnia and Herzegovina ā problem or high-value material?
Duhan se na podruÄju Bosne i Hercegovine proizvodi joÅ” od prve polovice 17. stoljeÄa, a sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina proÅ”log stoljeÄa proizvodnja doživljava svoj vrhunac, nakon Äega slijedi stagnacija i naglo opadanje proizvodnje. Ipak duhan se na podruÄju Bosne i Hercegovine, joÅ” uvijek uzgaja kao važna poljoprivredna kultura. Zbog neorganiziranog otkupa kao i nedostatka nadzora od strane države Bosne i Hercegovine nad proizvodnjom duhana, proizvoÄaÄi svu svoju proizvodnju duhana plasiraju na sivo tržiÅ”te u obliku poluproizvoda, rezanog duhana, poznatog na ostalim tržiÅ”tima kao hercegovaÄka Å”kija, dok na podruÄju Posavine postoji organizirani otkup, no niska otkupna cijena, proizvoÄaÄe stavlja u izuzetno težak položaj. Je li revitalizacija duhana na podruÄju Bosne i Hercegovine moguÄa? OpÄeprihvaÄeno miÅ”ljenje je da je revitalizacija nekadaÅ”njeg naÄina uzgoja duhana zbog promjena preferencija potroÅ”aÄa, tipova cigareta i promjene tehnologije obrade duhana nemoguÄa. No potrebno je tražiti alternativne naÄine plasiranja ovih tipova duhana, kao duhana za motanje, te kao autohtonih proizvoda. Jedna od najvažnijih komponenti je i uloga države, s obzirom da duhan podliježe posebnom sustavu troÅ”arina i poreza. U lancu vrijednosti, od poljoprivrednih proizvoÄaÄa, do preraÄivaÄa, važna komponenta je i zbrinjavanje otpada. S obzirom da je duhanski otpad, bogat izvor visokovrijednih komponenti koje su i prikazane u ovom preglednom radu, njegovo iskoriÅ”tavanje moglo bi dati dodatnu vrijednost i podiÄi nisku otkupnu cijenu duhana, a ujedno rijeÅ”iti i problem zbrinjavanja ovog opasnog otpada.Tobacco has been produced in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the first half of the 17th century, and during the 70ās and 80ās of the 20th century, the manufacturing has reached its peak. After that period, the production rapidly stagnates. However, tobacco is still being cultivated in many areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an important crop. Due to the unorganized buyout as well as the lack of tobacco growing supervision from the authorities, tobacco manufacturers launch their products to grey markets as semi-manufactured products. On the other markets these products are well-known as Herzegovinian Å”kija. In the Posavina region there is an organized buyout, but the buying prices are low and it puts the manufacturers in a difficult position. Is the revitalization of tobacco growing possible? The opinion is that the revitalization of the traditional growing of tobacco is impossible due to the changes in consumersā preferences, in types of cigarettes and in the manufacturing technology. However, there is a need to search for alternative launching ways for these tobacco sorts, with a focus on rolling tobacco and other local products. The role of the state plays one of the most important components, because there are special excise duties as well as a tax system on tobacco. In this value chain, from growing to the processing of the product, waste management plays an important role. Due to the fact that tobacco waste is a rich source of valuable components which is reviewed in this paper, its usage could present an added value and increase the tobacco prices, and, at the same time, solve the problem of disposing this dangerous waste
Supercritical fluid extraction of soybean oil from the surface of spiked quartz sand - modelling study
The extraction of soybean oil from the surface of spiked quartz sand using supercritical CO2 was investigated. Sand as solid was used; it is not porous material so the internal diffusion does not exist, all the soluble material is in the surface of the particles. SovovĆ”ās model has been used in order to obtain an analytical solution to develop the required extraction yield curves. The model simplifies when the internal diffusion can be neglected. The external mass transfer coefficient was determined by fitting the theoretical extraction curve to experimental data. According to the external mass transfer coefficient, a new Sherwood correlation was developed in terms of the dimensionless groups: Reynolds and Schmidt number. It was found that this correlation give superior results when compared to experimental data
COCOA BEAN SHELL ā A PROMISING BY-PRODUCT RICH IN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Nowadays, when we are increasingly becoming a generation of large quantities of waste materials from various industries, there is an emerged need for certain solutions to suppress waste or make it more economical in some other way. Some by-products from the different food industries are rich in various bioactive compounds which could be utilized in other production processes. Finding the purpose and use of these compounds could be valuable for future generations. One of those by-products is cocoa bean shell (CBS), by-product in the processing of cocoa and its products, that has already proven to contain large amount of different bioactive compounds like theobromine, caffeine, specific phenolic compounds as well as dietary fibres and other valuable compounds which will be reviewed in this paper. CBS could be used in the production of functional products or even in food industry, cosmetic or pharmaceutics due to its high nutritional value what also makes it an economically acceptable raw material
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM COCOA BEAN SHELL
In today\u27s overcrowded world with declining food supplies and the constant struggle against waste accumulation, scientists are increasingly trying to discover new ways to solve these problems. Like many industries, the food industry generates, disposes and accumulates waste thus creating an environmental and economic problem. In this study the one of the green extraction technologies, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), for isolation of bioactive compounds from cocoa bean shell (CBS), a by-product in the chocolate production, was applied. Different temperature (40, 60, 80 Ā°C), extraction time (30, 60, 90 minutes), liquid/solid ratio (10, 30, 50 mL/g) and ultrasound power (30, 50, 70 %) were used to obtain the cocoa bean shell extracts. Six active compounds were detected in the extracts by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector as follows: theobromine (2.077-5.916 mg/g), gallic acid (0.110-1.407 mg/g), caffeine (0.276-0.785 mg/g), catechin
(0.033-0.457 mg/g), while the highest obtained concentrations for epicatechin and caffeic acid were 0.100 and 0.527 mg/g of CBS. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) and % scavenging activity measured were 132.897 mgGAE/gextr. and 86.377%. From all investigated parameters, liquid/solid ratio had the greatest influence on the concentrations of obtained compounds. Study proved how UAE is an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from food by-product - CBS. It should also be emphasized that such application could find the purpose at the industrial level for the discarded waste that still contains valuable compounds, while the enriched extracts could be further used as raw material in other processes
Isoflavone content and antioxidant properties of soybean seeds
The isoflavone content and antioxidant properties of five Croatian soybean seed cultivars from two locations were analysed. The content of total and individual isofavones was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. For determination of antioxidant properties scavenging capacity on DPPHÖ¹ radicals has been applied. The total phenolic content, oil and protein content in soybean cultivars were also determined. Significant differences in the content of individual isoflavones were observed within the soybean cultivars. The total phenol content in soybean cultivars ranged from 87.2 to 216.3 mg GAE/100g of soybean. The total isoflavone content in soybean seeds ranged from 80.7 to 213.6 mg/100g of soybean. The most abundant isoflavone in soybean seeds was genistein. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) among two locations in total and individual isoflavone contents. The highest contents of total isoflavones were found in cultivar āos55-95ā. Conversely, cultivars poor in isoflavones also showed low levels of DPPH-radical scavenging activity
Supercritical CO2 extraction pilot plant design - towards IoT integration
Interes za tehnologije visokog tlaka tijekom posljednjih desetljeÄa se intenzivno poveÄava. Ekstrakcija super kritiÄnim fluidima (SFE) je process koji predstavlja alternative konvencionalnim postupcima separacije. U procesu ekstrakcije superkritiÄnim fluidima koristi se ekoloÅ”ki CO2 kao ekstrakcijsko otapalo zbog relativno niskog kritiÄnog tlaka (7,38 MPa), niske kritiÄne temperature (304 K), poželjnih svojstava i niske cijene. Tijekom ovog postupka, potrebno je rabiti visoke tlakove. Ekstrakcijska posuda (posuda pod tlakom) je najvažnija oprema sustava, gdje se trebaju ostvariti kritiÄni uvjeti i gdje se odvija ekstrakcija. TakoÄer, u procesu se treba obratiti pažnja i na druge dijelove ureÄaja (separator, izmjenjivaÄe topline, ventile i sl.) zbog uporabe visokih tlakova. Sigurnost je najvažniji factor kada se radi o SFE sustavima i projektiranje takve opreme s potpunom sigurnosti procesa predstavlja vrlo težak zadatak. Stoga, kako bi se postigla visoka razina sigurnosti, pouzdan sustav kontrole mora biti osmiÅ”ljen kao komunikacijski segment sustava kontrole i podataka. RazliÄiti procesni parametri, kao Å”to su protok CO2, tlak i temperature ekstrakcije, utjeÄu na process ekstrakcije i kvalitetu dobivenog ekstrakta. Stoga ovi parametri trebaju biti precizno kontrolirani i nadzirani tijekom ekstrakcije. Projektiranje jednog laboratorijskog-pilot postrojenja za ekstrakciju superkritiÄnim CO2, te razvoj daljinskog upravljanja i nadzora sustava prikazani su u ovom radu. Razvijeni sustavi SFE (mehaniÄke i elektriÄne komponente) usporeÄeni su s postojeÄim komercijalnim sustavima, gdje su prezentirane njegove glavne prednosti u odnosu na postojeÄe sustave. OmoguÄavanjem daljinskog upravljanja i nadzora klasiÄna kontrola procesa je spojena s konceptom Interneta objekata - Internet of Things (IoT), gdje informacija postaje sve prisutna u ogromnom podruÄju Interneta.The interest in high pressure technology during last decades increased intensively. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is a process that is growing in importance as an alternative to conventional separation processes. SFE uses environmentally friendly CO2 as the extracting agent in the process because of its relatively low critical pressure (7,38 MPa), its low critical temperature (304 K), its non-dangerous character and low cost. During this process it is necessary to use high pressures in the procedure. The extractor vessel (pressure vessel) is the most important equipment of the system, where the supercritical conditions need to be established and the extraction occurs. Also other devices (separator vessel, heat exchangers, valves etc.) are necessary to be involved in the process due to used high pressures. Safety is the most important factor while dealing with SFE systems and the design of such equipment with full safety of process is very hard task. Therefore, to achieve the high desired safety level, a reliable control system must be designed as the control system and data communication segment. Various different process parameters such as CO2 mass flow rate, extraction pressures and temperatures affect the extraction process and the quality of the extract; hence these parameters need to be precisely controlled and monitored during the extraction. A design of one supercritical CO2 extraction laboratory-pilot plant and development of a remote control and its supervision system is presented in this paper. The developed SFE system (mechanical and electrical components) was compared with the existing commercial systems and its main advantages over the existing systems are presented. By enabling remote control and supervision the classical process control is joined with the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), where the information becomes omnipresent in the vast realm of Internet
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