131 research outputs found

    Avaliação de circuito eletrônico para medição de temperatura em instalações agrícolas por meio da porta paralela de um computador

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    Os sistemas de aquisição de dados de temperatura disponíveis comercialmente apresentam alto custo e grande complexidade operacional para a sua utilização em instalações agrícolas climatizadas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos propor, calibrar e validar um circuito eletrônico de baixo custo para a aquisição de dados de temperatura com base na freqüência de oscilação da tensão elétrica (0 a 5 V). O sensor empregado no circuito foi um termistor com resistência ômica de 10 k a 25 oC e coeficiente de temperatura negativo. O circuito eletrônico, conectado a um computador via porta paralela, foi calibrado por comparação com um termômetro- padrão de mercúrio em vidro. Após as medições, análises de regressão foram realizadas com os dados experimentais, gerando-se equações que relacionam freqüência com resistência e resistência com temperatura. Os coeficientes de determinação demonstraram excelentes correlações entre as variáveis (R 2 > 0,9999). Posteriormente, foram realizadas comparações entre as medições obtidas com o circuito eletrônico e dois sistemas convencionais de aquisição de dados. Os resultados demonstraram que o circuito proposto é capaz de medir com exatidão e precisão a temperatura na faixa de 10 a 40 oC.The temperature data acquisition systems available commercially present high costs and operational complexity to be applied in environment controlled agricultural buildings. The objective of this work was to propose, calibrate and validate a low cost electronic circuit for measuring temperature based on the frequency of an alternating voltage (0 to 5 V). The sensor connected to the circuit was a thermistor with resistance of 10 k at 25 oC and negative temperature coefficient. The electronic circuit was connected to a computer using the parallel port and calibration was performed by comparing the thermistor to a standard liquid-in-glass thermometer. Regression analyses were performed on experimental data to obtain equations relating the frequency variation to resistance and resistance to temperature. The coefficients of determination showed excellent correlation among the variables (R 2 > 0.9999). Comparisons of the measurements obtained with the electronic circuit and two conventional data acquisition systems were carried out. The results demonstrated that the proposed circuit is capable to measure temperatures from 10 to 40 oC with precision and accuracy

    CONTROL Y AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE FERTIRRIGACIÓN EN LOS CULTIVOS AGRÍCOLAS

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    Irrigated agriculture is one of the major water-consuming sectors. However, fresh water is a limited resource, which is now under an unprecedented pressure due to global population growth and climate changes. To assure the development of the plants and maximize crop yields, a suitable water and nutrient supply is required. Concentrated fertilizer dissolved in irrigation water before its application to the plants (fertigation) should result in benefits when compared to conventional fertilization. In this review article, the main concepts associated to the control and automation techniques applied to fertigation are presented. The adoption of these techniques can result in water and fertilizer savings, contributing to less environmental contamination.La agricultura irrigada es uno de los sectores que más consume agua. Sin embargo, el agua fresca es un recurso limitado que de hecho está sometido a una presión sin precedentes debido al crecimiento de la población global y cambios climáticos. Para asegurar el desarrollo de las plantas y aumentar al máximo los rendimientos de los cultivos agrícolas, es necesario un suministro de agua y nutrientes adecuado. La disolución de fertilizantes concentrados en el agua de irrigación, antes de su aplicación a las plantas (fertirrigación), puede producir beneficios en comparación con la fertilización convencional. En éste artículo de revisión se presentan los conceptos principales asociados al control y automatización de la fertirrigación. La adopción de estas técnicas puede propiciar economía de recursos hídricos y fertilizantes, contribuyendo a una menor contaminación ambiental

    Alterations on the evapotranspiration of sugarcane cultivars under distinct salinity levels applied in the fertigation

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    The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of distinct levels of salinity on the evapotranspiration of the RB867515, RB855453, RB92579 and RB928064 sugarcane cultivars. The evapotranspiration was monitored during daytime period under meteorological conditions influenced, mainly by cloud variations. The salinity values were established by addition of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) to the nutrient solution, which was applied by fertigation, in such way that the electrical conductivity (EC) of the leached solution was near 3, 6, 10 and 13 dS m -1 , respectively. The increase of the NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution affected, significantly and in a linear manner, the evapotranspiration of all sugarcane cultivars, such that the days with low cloud provided the highest evapotranspiration values and the greater reduction among salinity levels. Analysis of the evapotranspiration accumulated during the daytime period showed that there were no significant differences among sugarcane cultivars and that, under the highest atmospheric water demand, the evapotranspiration decreased 48.5 g plant -1 EC -1 . This value represents the average reduction of 5.1% EC -1 when compared to the treatment without NaCl, considering data of all cultivars

    Mitigating the effects of future climate on maize productivity.

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    Current climate changes affect agricultural production. Crop management strategies can be used to mitigate these effects. This study was carried out to evaluate the use of crop and soil management strategies to mitigate the effects of future climate on maize yield in mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The CSM-CERESMaize model was used to simulate the effect of maize root system depth and of the amount of plant residue left on the soil surface by the previous crop in maize yield for different scenarios of change in precipitation and solar radiation. The decrease in rainfall volume reduced the average maize yield in some regions by more than 50%. The increase in solar radiation maize yield rise, while its reduction caused more than 20% yield drop in most regions. The management strategies evaluated have the potential to mitigate such effects

    Avaliação de um circuito eletrônico para medição da condutividade elétrica de soluções nutritivas

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    Nos sistemas de cultivo hidropônicos ou que utilizam a fertirrigação, a quantidade total de sais dissolvidos na solução nutritiva tem grande impacto na produtividade da cultura. A concentração adequada ao crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura sofre variações marcantes ao longo do seu ciclo, podendo ser avaliada indiretamente por meio do monitoramento da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um circuito eletrônico de baixo custo para a medição da condutividade elétrica, cujo princípio se baseia na medida de freqüência. O circuito eletrônico foi conectado a um computador via porta paralela, sendo calibrado utilizando-se de 16 soluções de KCl. A temperatura das soluções foi mantida nos níveis desejados por meio de um equipamento de controle da temperatura. Análises de regressão foram utilizadas para obter relações entre freqüência e resistência, visando a medir a condutividade elétrica e a temperatura da solução com base na freqüência. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos demonstraram excelentes correlações (R 2 > 0,997). Com base nos resultados, pôde-se concluir que o circuito proposto é capaz de medir a condutividade elétrica de soluções na faixa de 0,10 a 10,15 dS m -1 com grande exatidão, compensando automaticamente as variações instantâneas de temperatura.In hydroponic systems or those that use the fertigation, the total amount of soluble salts in the nutrient solution has a significant impact on crop productivity. An adequate fertilizer concentration can be modified in response to stages of plant development through indirect monitoring of electrical conductivity of nutrient solution. The objective of this work was to evaluate a low cost electronic circuit to measure the electrical conductivity based on frequency measurements. The electronic circuit was connected to a computer using the parallel interface and calibrated with 16 KCl solutions. The solutions temperature was maintained at desired levels with a controlled temperature equipment. Regression analysis was used to obtain relationships between frequency and resistance in order to measure the electrical conductivity and the solution temperature based on measured data of frequency. The coefficients of determination obtained from this study showed excellent correlations (R 2 > 0.997). The results demonstrated that the proposed circuit is capable of measuring the electrical conductivity of the solution from 0.10 to 10.15 dS m -1 with considerable accuracy, compensating automatically instantaneous temperature variations
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