Coming and leaving. Internal mobility in late Imperial Austria.

The paper investigates the determinants of internal migration within late imperial Austria. In contrast to the modernization paradigm which studies onedirectional migration flows from rural to urban areas, our approach highlights that spatial mobility consisted of movements in both directions. Using data on all districts of the Austrian part of the Hapsburg Monarchy, we find that in- and outmigration rates are positively correlated, and that the modernization paradigm in migration research is consistent with our results for net-migration rates, but inconsistent with those for out-migration. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Serie

On Many Routes: Internal, European, and Transatlantic Migration in the Late Habsburg Empire

On Many Routes is about the history of human migration. With a focus on the Habsburg Empire, this innovative work presents an integrated and creative study of spatial mobilities: from short to long term, and intranational and inter-European to transatlantic. Migration was not just relegated to city folk, but likewise was the reality for rural dwellers, and we gain a better understanding of how sending and receiving states and shipping companies worked together to regulate migration and shape populations. Bringing historical census data, governmental statistics, and ship manifests into conversation with centuries-old migration patterns of servants, agricultural workers, seasonal laborers, peddlers, and artisans—both male and female—this research argues that Central Europeans have long been mobile, that this mobility has been driven by diverse motivations, and that post-1850 transatlantic migration was an obvious extension of earlier spatial mobility patterns. Demonstrating the complexity of human mobility via an exploration of the links between overseas, continental, and internal migrations, On Many Routes shows that migrations to the United States, to the nearest coalfield, and to the urban capitals are embedded within complicated patterns of movement. There is no good reason to study internal apart from transnational moves, and combining these fields brings ample possibility to make migration research more relevant for the much broader field of social and economic history. This work poses an invaluable resource to the understudied area of Habsburg Empire migration studies, which it relocates within its wider European context and provides a major methodological contribution to the history of human migration more broadly. The ubiquity and functionality of human movement sheds light on the relationship between human nature and society, and challenges simplistic notions of human mobility then and now.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews/1065/thumbnail.jp

On Many Routes: Internal, European, and Transatlantic Migration in the Late Habsburg Empire

On Many Routes is about the history of human migration. With a focus on the Habsburg Empire, this innovative work presents an integrated and creative study of spatial mobilities: from short to long term, and intranational and inter-European to transatlantic. Migration was not just relegated to city folk, but likewise was the reality for rural dwellers, and we gain a better understanding of how sending and receiving states and shipping companies worked together to regulate migration and shape populations. Bringing historical census data, governmental statistics, and ship manifests into conversation with centuries-old migration patterns of servants, agricultural workers, seasonal laborers, peddlers, and artisans—both male and female—this research argues that Central Europeans have long been mobile, that this mobility has been driven by diverse motivations, and that post-1850 transatlantic migration was an obvious extension of earlier spatial mobility patterns. Demonstrating the complexity of human mobility via an exploration of the links between overseas, continental, and internal migrations, On Many Routes shows that migrations to the United States, to the nearest coalfield, and to the urban capitals are embedded within complicated patterns of movement. There is no good reason to study internal apart from transnational moves, and combining these fields brings ample possibility to make migration research more relevant for the much broader field of social and economic history. This work poses an invaluable resource to the understudied area of Habsburg Empire migration studies, which it relocates within its wider European context and provides a major methodological contribution to the history of human migration more broadly. The ubiquity and functionality of human movement sheds light on the relationship between human nature and society, and challenges simplistic notions of human mobility then and now.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ces/1001/thumbnail.jp

„Die Universität heute will einen nicht binden, die will, dass man geht!“: Maria Dabringer und Julia Heinemann im Gespräch mit Annemarie Steidl über prekäre Arbeitsverhältnisse an österreichischen Universitäten

Die Situation der befristeten wissenschaftlichen Angestellten an den österreichischen Universitäten ist schon seit geraumer Zeit alles andere als zufriedenstellend. Mit der Novelle des Universitätsgesetzes (UG) 2021 und der Neuordnung der sogenannten Kettenvertragsregel (§ 109 UG) hat sich die ohnehin schon prekäre Lage noch einmal deutlich verschlechtert. Im Zuge der Proteste gegen den § 109 UG wurde die Bottom-up-Initiative Unterbau von prekär beschäftigten Forschenden und Lehrenden an der Universität Wien gegründet. Etwa 80 Prozent des wissenschaftlichen Personals an der Uni Wien sind befristet angestellt. Forschung und Lehre werden mehrheitlich von Personen durchgeführt, die nur für wenige Monate oder Jahre einen Vertrag haben.1996 wurde das 1993 in Kraft getretene Universitäts-Organisationsgesetz (UOG) von der österreichischen Regierung nochmals verschärft und brachte massive Kürzungen des  Universitätsbudgets. Unter anderem wurden die Gehälter der damaligen ‚externen‘  Lektor*innen um 17 Prozent gekürzt. Nachdem Gespräche zwischen Lektor*innen und  Vertreter*innen der Gewerkschaften um Unterstützung der Proteste scheiterten, gründeten Betroffene 1996 das Aktionskomitee Externe LektorInnen, das später in  Interessengemeinschaft LektorInnen und WissensarbeiterInnen umbenannt wurde. Die IG versteht sich seither als eine bundesweite Plattform zur Wahrung universitärer, bildungs- und forschungspolitischer Anliegen der Lektor*innen und Wissensarbeiter*innen.Die Situation der befristeten wissenschaftlichen Angestellten an den österreichischen Universitäten ist schon seit geraumer Zeit alles andere als zufriedenstellend. Mit der Novelle des Universitätsgesetzes (UG) 2021 und der Neuordnung der sogenannten Kettenvertragsregel (§ 109 UG) hat sich die ohnehin schon prekäre Lage noch einmal deutlich verschlechtert. Im Zuge der Proteste gegen den § 109 UG wurde die Bottom-up-Initiative Unterbau von prekär beschäftigten Forschenden und Lehrenden an der Universität Wien gegründet. Etwa 80 Prozent des wissenschaftlichen Personals an der Uni Wien sind befristet angestellt. Forschung und Lehre werden mehrheitlich von Personen durchgeführt, die nur für wenige Monate oder Jahre einen Vertrag haben.1996 wurde das 1993 in Kraft getretene Universitäts-Organisationsgesetz (UOG) von der österreichischen Regierung nochmals verschärft und brachte massive Kürzungen des  Universitätsbudgets. Unter anderem wurden die Gehälter der damaligen ‚externen‘  Lektor*innen um 17 Prozent gekürzt. Nachdem Gespräche zwischen Lektor*innen und  Vertreter*innen der Gewerkschaften um Unterstützung der Proteste scheiterten, gründeten Betroffene 1996 das Aktionskomitee Externe LektorInnen, das später in  Interessengemeinschaft LektorInnen und WissensarbeiterInnen umbenannt wurde. Die IG versteht sich seither als eine bundesweite Plattform zur Wahrung universitärer, bildungs- und forschungspolitischer Anliegen der Lektor*innen und Wissensarbeiter*innen

Between home and workshop. Regional and social mobility of apprentices in 18th and 19th centuries Vienna

This paper deals with regional mobility as well as with duration and stability of apprenticeships in Viennese artisan workshops. Until now, these questions have not received much attention among historians. The Viennese materials allow for differentiation among various craft branches, as well as to include gender aspects in the case of silk-weavers. The world of artisans was a world in motion and the study of Viennese apprentices in the 18th and 19th centuries permits key insights for investigations into social and regional mobility and stability. In preindustrial times, most of the young apprentices were born outside urban centers and had to move to town before starting their training. In addition, an apprenticeship was not only a training in artisan skills but more or less a period of assimilation into a new environment : an artisan household in the city, and the social and cultural milieu of small scale production

Migration is a Multidirectional Phenomenon: The Coming and Going of Internal, Continental, and Transatlantic Migrants from the Late Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

According to new perspectives in migration history, spatial mobility was never a linear phenomenon restricted to a single move from an area of out-migration to an area of in-migration. Instead, as it will be argued here, migration in Central Europe was a ›multidirectional phenomenon‹. Based on various statistics on internal, continental, and transatlantic migration, the interwoven patterns of coming and going have been analyzed for Austro-Hungary in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. First, the importance of coming and going for city growth and its connections among rural areas are shown. Second, as an example for labor migration of Poles from Western Galicia indicates, inhabitants of the Habsburg Monarchy could choose between different routes to migrate. The third example that deals with trans- atlantic migration poses the question of how useful terms such as ›emigration‹ and ›immigration‹ are in the context of a return rate of nearly 40 percent of transatlantic migrants.According to new perspectives in migration history, spatial mobility was never a linear phenomenon restricted to a single move from an area of out-migration to an area of in-migration. Instead, as it will be argued here, migration in Central Europe was a ›multidirectional phenomenon‹. Based on various statistics on internal, continental, and transatlantic migration, the interwoven patterns of coming and going have been analyzed for Austro-Hungary in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. First, the importance of coming and going for city growth and its connections among rural areas are shown. Second, as an example for labor migration of Poles from Western Galicia indicates, inhabitants of the Habsburg Monarchy could choose between different routes to migrate. The third example that deals with trans- atlantic migration poses the question of how useful terms such as ›emigration‹ and ›immigration‹ are in the context of a return rate of nearly 40 percent of transatlantic migrants