Dull, Duller, Dulles

Non-fiction by Sam Stegma

Perceptual differences of aromas delivered through the orthonasal and retronasal routes

Aroma can be perceived through two routes: orthonasal (through the nose) and retronasal (through the mouth). The stimuli elicit signals that eventually reach the same receptors in the olfactory epithelium. However, previous studies suggest there is a perceptual difference between the two routes although the results are inconclusive. In this study, a matching paradigm was designed to control for memory bias and isolate the potential perceptual difference between aroma delivery routes. Panelists performed four matching paradigms of four different strawberry flavors (candy, woody, ripe, and green). The similarity of the four strawberry flavors required panelists to profile each sample to identify acute differences. This increased the cognitive demand required to complete the match. Subjects were given the four strawberry reference standards and told to either smell the sample orthonasally or taste it retronasally. Subjects then matched each reference to one of the four other blind-coded samples by either smelling or tasting congruently (same method) or incongruently (different methods). The retronasal samples consisted of 30 mL aqueous solutions in 2oz black sample cups, while the orthonasal samples consisted of 10 mL aqueous solutions in a capped glass vial wrapped in aluminum foil to minimize visual differences. When matching the reference to unknown samples using congruent evaluations, the panelists performed similarly in the orthonasal and retronasal tests (p=0.450) indicating they could correctly identify matching flavors. Performance significantly decreased when performed incongruently (p<0.002), suggesting there is truly a difference in perception when the same aromas are delivered via different routes. More knowledge regarding how people perceive aromas and flavors, and how these stimuli relate to one another, will enable the food industry to better optimize the sensory properties of foods and beverages.No embargoAcademic Major: Food Science and Technolog

LONG RUN PROJECTIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS

The prediction of future temperature increases depends critically on the projections of future greenhouse gas emissions. Yet there is a vigorous debate about how these projections should be undertaken and how reasonable is the approach of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which forms the basis of nearly all recent analyses of the impacts of climate change. In particular there has been significant criticism by Ian Castles and David Henderson regarding the plausibility of some scenarios. This paper explores a range of methodological issues surrounding projecting greenhouse emissions over the next century. It points out that understanding future emissions, requires a framework that deals with the sources of economic growth and allows for endogenous structural change. It also explores the role of “convergence” assumptions and the debate regarding the use of purchasing power parity (PPP) measurement versus market exchange rate (MER) measurement of income differentials. Using the G-Cubed multi-country model we show that emission projections based on convergence assumptions defined in MER terms, are 40% higher by 2100 than emissions generated using a PPP comparison of income differentials between economies. This result illustrates the argument by Castles and Henderson that the use of MER convergence assumptions will likely overestimate emissions projections, taking many other issues as given. However it is not clear what this means for the SRES projections given that it might be argued that in some models in the SRES, there could be endogenous changes in technology that will offset this result. We do not have access to those models to explore this issue and can only show what this particular assumption implies in the G-Cubed model. It is also ambiguous exactly what was done in the SRES report regarding convergence assumptions in some scenarios. Either way these results do not imply that climate change is not an issue but that there is a great deal of uncertainty about future climate projections and it is very unhelpful to presume that all futures are equally likely. In order to deal with this we also propose as a better guide to policymakers a methodology that calculates probabilities for future projections rather than the approach of SRES which is based on storylines without any assessment of plausibility. It is unfortunate that some analyses of the impacts of future climate change are based on the extreme outliers from the SRES without any understanding of the probability of these outcomes. This alternative approach could be done using the economic approach proposed in the G-Cubed model as outlined in this paper, or it could be done with the existing range of SRES scenarios to better inform the debate on likely future greenhouse scenarios.

On the Right Track

Arts and Humanities: Photography. On The Right Track is intended to show one example of a path in life, and that not all paths of life are the same. Some paths may be straight and narrow but that does not mean that it can\u27t be beautiful as well. Each person should be free to define their own path. Digital Photograph

Recent Development: Hamilton v. Kirson: The Court of Appeals of Maryland Held That Circumstantial Evidence Offered to Satisfy the Causation Element of a Prima Facie Claim of Negligence in Lead Paint Cases Must Demonstrate a Reasonable Probability, Not Mere Possibility, That the Subject Property Was the Cause of the Lead Exposure

The Court of Appeals of Maryland held, in two consolidated cases, that circumstantial evidence presented to prove injuries from lead paint exposure was insufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment on the issue of causation

Principals in Title I Schools with Teachers Integrating the New Literacies of Online Reading and Research

This article examines the instructional leadership characteristics of a principal in a Title I school with classroom teachers integrating new literacies. The two dominant frameworks guiding this study were: instructional leadership and the dual-level theory of New Literacies. This qualitative, case study design included one principal and three teachers in a Title I elementary school Northeast Kansas. The principal in this study created a culture of trust and professional growth through the following actions: goals and expectations were individualized; teachers felt safe to experiment and take risks; resources, encouragement and support occurred; opportunities for ongoing, differentiated professional development were implemented; and opportunities to collaborate. Keywords: literacy, technology integration, elementary, high-poverty, new literacies, educational leadership Type of research: qualitative, case stud

1944-11-07, Birth Certificate

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/bell_collection/1417/thumbnail.jp

Recent Development: Hamilton v. Kirson: The Court of Appeals of Maryland Held That Circumstantial Evidence Offered to Satisfy the Causation Element of a Prima Facie Claim of Negligence in Lead Paint Cases Must Demonstrate a Reasonable Probability, Not Mere Possibility, That the Subject Property Was the Cause of the Lead Exposure

The Court of Appeals of Maryland held, in two consolidated cases, that circumstantial evidence presented to prove injuries from lead paint exposure was insufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment on the issue of causation

1943-03-09, Birth Certificate

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/bell_collection/1110/thumbnail.jp