Direct Simulation of Low-Pressure Supersonic Gas Expansions and its Experimental Verification

The use of gas expansions to generate atomic or molecular beams has become a standard technique in nuclear and hadron physics for the production of polarized ion beams and gas targets. A direct simulation Monte Carlo method was used to understand the processes occurring in an expansion of highly dissociated hydrogen or deuterium gas at low densities. The results were verified in several measurements including time-of-flight and beam-profile determinations which showed that the supersonic gas expansions can properly be described by the Monte Carlo calculations. Additionally a new method of beam formation, the hollow carrier jet, was tested under the conditions of the atomic beam source operation

Design Consideration on a Polarized Gas Target for the LHC

Since 2017, the LHCSpin study group is investigating the installation of a HERMES-type polarized gas target (PGT) in front of the LHCb detector in order to perform Single-Spin Transverse Asymmetry (SSTA) measurements. In cooperation with LHC experts, the conditions for applying a PGT are being studied. As a viable option, a cold openable storage cell is considered. A key role for avoiding instabilities of the 7 TeV proton beam is the choice of a proper coating and the suppression of wake fields. A first warm (300 K) test storage cell is planned for installation in 2019 inside the VELO vessel, subject to final approval. It will improve the ongoing SMOG program of LHCb fixed target measurements, and will provide valuable experience of running a storage cell in the harsh LHC environment. The status of the design considerations on a PGT in the LHC beam and of the discussion of critical machine issues is presented.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 11 reference

Muscle precursor cells in the developing limbs of two isopods (Crustacea, Peracarida): an immunohistochemical study using a novel monoclonal antibody against myosin heavy chain

In the hot debate on arthropod relationships, Crustaceans and the morphology of their appendages play a pivotal role. To gain new insights into how arthropod appendages evolved, developmental biologists recently have begun to examine the expression and function of Drosophila appendage genes in Crustaceans. However, cellular aspects of Crustacean limb development such as myogenesis are poorly understood in Crustaceans so that the interpretative context in which to analyse gene functions is still fragmentary. The goal of the present project was to analyse muscle development in Crustacean appendages, and to that end, monoclonal antibodies against arthropod muscle proteins were generated. One of these antibodies recognises certain isoforms of myosin heavy chain and strongly binds to muscle precursor cells in malacostracan Crustacea. We used this antibody to study myogenesis in two isopods, Porcellio scaber and Idotea balthica (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Peracarida), by immunohistochemistry. In these animals, muscles in the limbs originate from single muscle precursor cells, which subsequently grow to form multinucleated muscle precursors. The pattern of primordial muscles in the thoracic limbs was mapped, and results compared to muscle development in other Crustaceans and in insects

Note on the Efficiency of Differential Pumping in the LHC Polarized Gas Target (PGT)

For a sufficient density of a window-less gas target based on a storage cell, a substantial gas flow rate is required, exceeding that of UHV vacuum systems. Therefore, differential pumping has to be applied in order to limit the gas flow into neighbouring sections. Applying analytical formulae valid in the molecular regime, the on-axis flow – which can not be collimated – from the downstream end of the target tube towards the VELO vessel is estimated. It has been shown that the existing vacuum systems can cope with the flow

Polarized Antiprotons - The Quest for a Missing Tool

After termination of the LEAR facility in 1996 and the restriction of the CERN antiproton program to Trap experiments, stored antiprotons at low and medium energies are no longer available for experiments. FAIR at GSI (Darmstadt) will provide intense stored antiproton beams in less than a decade from now. This has renewed the interest in polarized antiprotons originally proposed for LEAR. In August 2007, an International Workshop was organized at the Cockcroft Institute (Daresbury) and methods to polarize stored antiprotons were discussed. In June 2008, a Heraeus Seminar at the Physikzentrum in Bad Honnef dealing with the same subject took place. The results of these workshops will be presented with some historical remarks and an account of the recent developments

Beam-Induced Depolarization and Application to a Polarized Gas Target in the LHC Beam

This note summarizes the results achieved at HERMES (DESY, Germany) on beam-induced depolarization of a polarized hydrogen gas target in a bunched High-Energy electron beam, and gives a first extrapolation to the conditions at the LHC

A Gas Target Internal to the LHC for the Study of pp Single-Spin Asymmetries and Heavy Ion Collisions

We discuss the application of an open storage cell as gas target for a proposed LHC fixed-target experiment AFTER@LHC. The target provides a high areal density at minimum gas input, which may be polarized 1H, 2H, or 3He gas or heavy inert gases in a wide mass range. For the study of single-spin asymmetries in pp interaction, luminosities of nearly 1033/cm2 s can be produced with existing techniques