2008 National dry mill corn ethanol survey

Emerging regulations require an examination of corn ethanol’s greenhouse gas emissions on a life cycle basis, including emissions from energy consumed at the plant level. However, comprehensive survey data of the industry’s average performance dates back to 2001, prior to the industry’s expansion phase. Responding to the need for updated data, we conducted a survey to collect energy and processing data for average dry mill ethanol produced during 2008. The study finds that the average liter of anhydrous corn ethanol produced during 2008 requires 28.2% less thermal energy than 2001 ethanol: 7.18 MJ/l compared to 10.00 MJ/l. Also, 2008 ethanol requires 32.1% less electricity: 0.195 kWh/l compared to 0.287 kWh/l, but anhydrous ethanol yields from corn are 5.3% higher and total 0.416 l/kg compared to 0.395 l/kg. Findings also suggest that older plants installed energy efficiency retrofits

RNA translation and replication of PV1(M)-luc, PV1(RIPO)-luc, and R-1235-luc replicons.

<p>Monolayers of mouse L20B and L20B^hPTB1 cells were transfected with <i>in vitro</i> transcribed RNA of luciferase replicons and incubated at 37°C in the presence (for translation) or in the absence (for replication) of 2mM guanidine hydrochloride (GnHCl). RNA translation and RNA replication were assessed by measuring the luciferase activity at 11 h post transfection. In all cases, averages ± SD of at least three independent experiments are shown; <>\raster="rg1"<> denotes student t-test p value <0.05.</p

Analysis of PTB binding to 5′NTR RNA fragments of PV1(RIPO), PV1(M), and R-1235.

<p>(A) The comparative levels of the 5′NTR RNA probes of PV1(RIPO), PV1(M), and R-1235 used for the pull-down were analysed by agarose gel-electrophoresis. PTB binding to biotinylated 5′NTR RNA probes of PV1(RIPO), PV1(M), and R-1235 was analyzed with an RNA pull-down assay followed by Western analysis with anti-PTB monoclonal antibodies against hPTB1(B) or total PTB (C) (see Materials and Methods). Lanes 1 to 6 represents the PTB pulled down by the corresponding 5′NTR RNA probes. Lanes 7 and 8 represents the amount of PTB present in 2% of the used cell-extracts in the RNA pull-down assay.</p

Infection on L20B/L20B^hPTB1 co-cultured cells with PV1(M), PV1(RIPO) and R-1235 virus.

<p>(A) Uninfected, (B) PV1(RIPO) infected, (C) PV1(M) infected, and (D) R-1235 infected co-culture of L20B/L20B^hPTB1 cells were immunostained with antibodies against PV capsid proteins and hPTB1 at 6 hours post infection.</p

Effect of hPTB1 supplementation on the growth of R-1235 virus.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the IRES of R-1235 virus. The changes in nucleotides in the 5′NTR and in the IRES are indicated and they are numbered as 1, 2, 3, and 5. (B) Comparison of the growth phenotype of R-1235 virus in the parental SK-N-MC cells and with that in SK-N-MC^hPTB1 cells at 37°C and 39.5°C, at an MOI of 10. The bars show the average of two independent experiments. (C) Comparison of the growth phenotype of R-1235 virus in the parental L20B cells and with that in L20B^hPTB1 cells at 37°C and 39.5°C, at an MOI of 10. The bars show the average of two independent experiments.</p

Expression of hPTB1 in L20B cells and its effect on viral growth.

<p>(A) Expression of PTB in parental L20B cells versus L20B^hPTB1 cells was shown using two different monoclonal antibodies to PTB. Left blot: The upper band migrating with an apparent molecular mass of ∼57 kDa represents the exogenously expressed hPTB1. A new minor PTB species migrating with a slightly smaller apparent mass than the major band is indicated with a question mark (?). Right blot: The antibodies used here detected the endogenous mouse PTB (mPTB) in addition to the exogenous hPTB1. Actin was detected as a loading control. (B) and (C) Comparison of the growth phenotype of PV1(RIPO) and PV1(M) in the parental L20B cells and with that in L20B^hPTB1 cells at 37°C and 39.5°C, respectively, at an MOI of 10. In all cases, averages ± SD of at least three independent experiments are shown; <>\raster="rg1"<> denotes student t-test p value <0.05.</p

Additional file 1: of Dose-response relationship of core-specific sensorimotor interventions in healthy, well-trained participants: study protocol for a (MiSpEx) randomized controlled trial

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) Checklist. (DOC 122 kb

Anthropometrics.

<p>Anthropometrics.</p

The force time integral (FTI [N∙s]) in 1 to 12 year old normal-weight, overweight and obese children with mean ± SD.

<p>A: for the total foot; B: for the midfoot.</p

The force time integral (FTI [N∙s]) for the foot region: toes, forefoot (FF), medial midfoot (MMF), lateral midfoot (LMF), rearfoot (RF), total foot (TF) with mean ± SD.

<p>The force time integral (FTI [N∙s]) for the foot region: toes, forefoot (FF), medial midfoot (MMF), lateral midfoot (LMF), rearfoot (RF), total foot (TF) with mean ± SD.</p