Translated article: Exposure or Stabilization: How Do Behavioral Therapists Plan the Outpatient Treatment of Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?

<div>Background: According to national and international guidelines,</div><div>trauma-focused treatments such as trauma-focused cognitive-</div><div>behavioral therapies or eye movement desensitization</div><div>and reprocessing (EMDR) are first-choice methods in the treatment</div><div>of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</div><div>Meta-analyses consistently show highest effect sizes for these</div><div>treatments. This results in clear implications for the treatment</div><div>of patients with PTSD. The present study aimed to assess the</div><div>implementation of a psychological treatment of PTSD patients</div><div>according to the therapy guidelines. Reports to the evaluator</div><div>for the German health-care system in the process of application</div><div>for outpatient psychotherapy are analyzed. Patients and</div><div>Methods: 1,053 reports were analyzed. Finally, 167 reports</div><div>mentioning a traumatic event, the diagnosis of a PTSD, or a</div><div>trauma-focused treatment were included in the study. Results:</div><div>74.3% of the treatment plans were rated as conforming to the</div><div>guidelines (i.e., trauma-focused exposure for patients with</div><div>PTSD diagnosis and no trauma-focused exposure for patients</div><div>without PTSD diagnosis). In 70.3% of the reports to the evaluator</div><div>for patients with PTSD, trauma-focused exposure was described.</div><div>There were no indications that the diagnosis of a PTSD</div><div>was applied too often by established therapists. The overall validity</div><div>of the diagnoses was high. Conclusion: For approximately</div><div>30% of the patients with PTSD, outpatient psychotherapists</div><div>did not mention trauma-focused exposure therapy in their reports,</div><div>i.e. the treatment with the highest clinical evidence was</div><div>not used. Further studies should be made to clarify the reasons</div><div>for this.</div

Editorial: The current state of democracy in South Africa

Additional file 2. Subject-related deviation scores per cortical spot for the right hemisphere Results for stimulation of the right hemisphere. Deviation scores of subject 1–10. Number of subjects with negative deviation scores (“leftward”) and mean of their scores. Number of subjects with positive deviation scores (“rightward”) and mean of their scores. Outline per cortical spot (no. 1–52) plus mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum (MIN), and maximum (MAX)

MOESM1 of Mapping visuospatial attention: the greyscales task in combination with repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation

Additional file 1. Subject-related deviation scores per cortical spot for the left hemisphere. Results for stimulation of the left hemisphere. Deviation scores of subject 1–10. Number of subjects with negative deviation scores (“leftward”) and mean of their scores. Number of subjects with positive deviation scores (“rightward”) and mean of their scores. Outline per cortical spot (no. 1–52) plus mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum (MIN), and maximum (MAX)

MOESM2 of Mapping visuospatial attention: the greyscales task in combination with repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation

Additional file 2. Subject-related deviation scores per cortical spot for the right hemisphere Results for stimulation of the right hemisphere. Deviation scores of subject 1–10. Number of subjects with negative deviation scores (“leftward”) and mean of their scores. Number of subjects with positive deviation scores (“rightward”) and mean of their scores. Outline per cortical spot (no. 1–52) plus mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum (MIN), and maximum (MAX)

Data_Sheet_1_Electron Density of Adipose Tissues Determined by Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography Provides a Measure for Mitochondrial Density and Fat Content.zip

<p>Phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) is an X-ray-based imaging method measuring differences in the refractive index during tissue passage. While conventional X-ray techniques rely on the absorption of radiation due to differing tissue-specific attenuation coefficients, PCCT enables the determination of the electron density (ED). By the analysis of respective phantoms and ex vivo specimens, we identified the components responsible for different electron densities in murine adipose tissue depots to be cellular fat and mitochondrial content, two parameters typically different between white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Brown adipocytes provide mammals with a means of non-shivering thermogenesis to defend normothermia in a cold environment. Brown adipocytes are found in dedicated BAT depots and interspersed within white fat depots, a cell type referred to as brite (brown in white) adipocyte. Localization and quantification of brown and brite adipocytes in situ allows an estimate of depot thermogenic capacity and potential contribution to maximal metabolic rate in the cold. We utilized PCCT to infer the composition of white, brite, and brown adipose tissue from ED of individual depots. As proof of principle, we imaged mice 10, 20, and 30 days of age. During this period, several WAT depots are known to undergo transient browning. Based on ED, classical WAT and BAT could be clearly distinguished. Retroperitoneal and inguinal WAT depots increased transiently in ED during the known remodeling from white to brite/brown and back to white. We systematically analyzed 18 anatomically defined adipose tissue locations and identified changes in fat content and mitochondrial density that imply an orchestrated pattern of simultaneous browning and whitening on the organismic level. Taken together, PCCT provides a three-dimensional imaging technique to visualize ED of tissues in situ. Within the adipose organ, ED provides a measure of mitochondrial density and fat content. Depending on experimental setting, these constitute surrogate markers of cellular distribution of white, brite, and brown adipocytes and thereby an estimate of thermogenic capacity.</p

Image_1_Electron Density of Adipose Tissues Determined by Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography Provides a Measure for Mitochondrial Density and Fat Content.TIF

<p>Phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) is an X-ray-based imaging method measuring differences in the refractive index during tissue passage. While conventional X-ray techniques rely on the absorption of radiation due to differing tissue-specific attenuation coefficients, PCCT enables the determination of the electron density (ED). By the analysis of respective phantoms and ex vivo specimens, we identified the components responsible for different electron densities in murine adipose tissue depots to be cellular fat and mitochondrial content, two parameters typically different between white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Brown adipocytes provide mammals with a means of non-shivering thermogenesis to defend normothermia in a cold environment. Brown adipocytes are found in dedicated BAT depots and interspersed within white fat depots, a cell type referred to as brite (brown in white) adipocyte. Localization and quantification of brown and brite adipocytes in situ allows an estimate of depot thermogenic capacity and potential contribution to maximal metabolic rate in the cold. We utilized PCCT to infer the composition of white, brite, and brown adipose tissue from ED of individual depots. As proof of principle, we imaged mice 10, 20, and 30 days of age. During this period, several WAT depots are known to undergo transient browning. Based on ED, classical WAT and BAT could be clearly distinguished. Retroperitoneal and inguinal WAT depots increased transiently in ED during the known remodeling from white to brite/brown and back to white. We systematically analyzed 18 anatomically defined adipose tissue locations and identified changes in fat content and mitochondrial density that imply an orchestrated pattern of simultaneous browning and whitening on the organismic level. Taken together, PCCT provides a three-dimensional imaging technique to visualize ED of tissues in situ. Within the adipose organ, ED provides a measure of mitochondrial density and fat content. Depending on experimental setting, these constitute surrogate markers of cellular distribution of white, brite, and brown adipocytes and thereby an estimate of thermogenic capacity.</p

Naming errors during verb generation.

<p>Summary of all naming errors induced by rTMS trains during verb generation. Results are demonstrated as absolute values and error rates per stimulation point, as sum of all stimulation points, and separately for anterior and posterior regions.</p><p>Naming errors during verb generation.</p

Abbrevations of the cortical parcellation system (CPS).

<p>Anatomical names and abbreviations of the cortical parcellation system (CPS) according to Corina et al. (2005).</p><p>Abbrevations of the cortical parcellation system (CPS).</p

Naming errors during action naming.

<p>Summary of all naming errors induced by rTMS trains during action naming. Results are demonstrated as absolute values and error rates per stimulation point, as sum of all stimulation points, and separately for anterior and posterior regions.</p><p>Naming errors during action naming.</p

Naming errors during object naming.

<p>Summary of all naming errors induced by rTMS trains during object naming. Results are demonstrated as absolute values and error rates per stimulation point, as sum of all stimulation points, and separately for anterior and posterior regions.</p><p>Naming errors during object naming.</p