Impact of Mechanical and Thermal Energies on the Degradation of T‑2 and HT‑2 Toxins during Extrusion Cooking of Oat Flour

The type A trichothecenes T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) are naturally occurring toxic food contaminants, with the highest concentrations found in contaminated oats. The influence of thermal food processing on these toxins is poorly understood, and only a few publications address the degradation rates. Therefore, we systematically investigated the degradation of T-2 and HT-2 during both laboratory and industrial-scale extrusion cooking of oats. Extrusion cooking under laboratory conditions was performed with oats fortified with T-2 or HT-2 as well as with naturally contaminated oat flour dust. The experiments were designed according to industrial conditions in terms of temperature, water content, pressure, residence time, and oat content. Flour mixtures containing naturally contaminated oats were used for industrial-scale processing. Degradation rates under laboratory conditions were up to 59.6 ± 1.51 and 47.2 ± 0.53% for T-2 and HT-2, respectively, in fortified extrudates but were decreased to 35.1 ± 1.55 and 22.0 ± 4.68% when naturally contaminated flour samples were used. The results show a higher degradation of T-2 during extrusion cooking than of HT-2. Moisture content, mechanical shear, and temperature showed an impact on the toxin degradation and can be optimized to counteract food contamination

Additional file 3 of Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis

Result lists from GSEA analyses in group 1. The table displays result lists of the GSEA in group 1. Rows are representing those GO terms, for which at least two genes were available in each of the analysis variants. The GO-ID, as well as their specific name is given in the first column. The p-values (‘.p’) and adjusted p-values (‘.q’) are shown for each analysis variant (early, late and intermediate merging). The number of genes associated to the GO-term is presented in column ‘nPGenes’. The number of genes associated to the GO-term, which can be found in the data is presented in columns ‘early.nPGenes’ and ‘int.nPGenes’. (XLSX 1322 kb

Additional file 4 of Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis

Result lists of differential analyses in group 2. The table displays result lists of the differential analyses in group 2. Rows representing those genes, common in the two individual studies of group 2. Two identifiers (‘GeneID’ and ‘Gene Symbol’) are used. Columns 3 to 14 are displaying the outcomes for different analysis variants: Columns, starting with the term ‘early’ are results from the ‘early merging’; same applies for the ‘late merging’. Columns of the individual studies begin with their identifier (see Fig. 4). For each, the p-values (‘.p’) and the adjusted p-values (‘.q’) were calculated. For the early and late merging, the absolute value of the test-statistic was also given out (‘.t.abs’). Columns ‘logFC.min’ and ‘logFC.max’ are showing the gene-wise minimum and maximum values of the logFCs from the individual studies. (XLSX 5042 kb

Additional file 2 of Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis

Result lists of differential analyses in group 1. The table displays result lists of the differential analyses in group 1. Rows representing those genes, common in the five individual studies of group 1. Two identifiers (‘GeneID’ and ‘Gene Symbol’) are used. Columns 3 to 18 are displaying the outcomes for different analysis variants: Columns, starting with the term ‘early’ are results from the ‘early merging’; same applies for the ‘late merging’. Columns of the individual studies begin with their identifier (see Fig. 2). For each, the p-values (‘.p’) and the adjusted p-values (‘.q’) were calculated. For the early and late merging, the absolute value of the test-statistic was also given out (‘.t.abs’). Columns ‘logFC.min’ and ‘logFC.max’ are showing the gene-wise minimum and maximum values of the logFCs from the individual studies. (XLSX 4787 kb

Additional file 5 of Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis

Result lists from GSEA analyses in group 2. The table displays result lists of the GSEA in group 2. Rows are representing those GO terms, for which at least two genes were available in each of the analysis variants. The GO-ID, as well as their specific name is given in the first column. The p-values (‘.p’) and adjusted p-values (‘.q’) are shown for each analysis variant (early, late and intermediate merging). The number of genes associated to the GO-term is presented in column ‘nPGenes’. The number of genes associated to the GO-term, which can be found in the data is presented in columns ‘early.nPGenes’ and ‘int.nPGenes’. (XLSX 947 kb

Additional file 1 of Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis

Additional figures A5.1-A5.5. (DOCX 420 kb

Basta!: Für Saxophonquartett

<div><p>Mosquitoes and other arthropods may transmit medically important pathogens, in particular viruses such as West Nile virus. The presence of suitable hosts and competent vectors for those zoonotic viruses is essential for an enzootic transmission, which is a prerequisite for epidemics. To establish reliable risk projections, it is an urgent need for an exact identification of mosquito species, which is especially challenging in the case of sibling species, such as <i>Culex. pipiens pipiens</i> biotypes <i>pipiens</i> and <i>molestus</i>. To facilitate detection of different <i>Culex pipiens</i> forms and their hybrids we established a multiplex real-time PCR. <i>Culex pipiens</i> samples were obtained by egg raft collection and rearing until imago stage or adult sampling using CO₂ baited traps and gravid traps. In total, we tested more than 16,500 samples collected all over Germany in the years 2011 and 2012. The predominant species in Germany are <i>Culex pipiens pipiens</i> biotype <i>pipiens</i> and <i>Culex. torrentium</i>, but we also detected <i>Culex pipiens pipiens</i> biotype <i>molestus</i> and hybrids of the two <i>pipiens</i> biotypes at sites where both species occur sympatrically. This report of a potentially important bridge vector for West Nile virus might have major impact in the risk projections for West Nile virus in Germany.</p></div

Trapping-sites of the nationwide surveillance program selected for the study.

<p>Trap types: BT: Biogents Sentinel; GT: Gravid trap; EVS: Enceph. Vector Surveillance Trap (Bioquip); ex-La.: reared from larvae ; ex-Pu.: reared from pupae.</p

Classification of <i>Culex</i> samples from the German mosquito surveillance program.

<p>Graphical representation of the Culex species composition in Germany. 48 different trapping sites in Germany were combined according to their geographical relatedness to form 10 cluster areas shown representing Lower Rhine Valley and further sites in Palatine, Upper Rhine Valley and further sites in Baden-Württemberg, Lake Constance, Lake Chiemsee and other sites in Bavaria, Hesse, Upper Elbe Valley in Saxonia, Oder Valley in Brandenburg, Baltic Sea in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Metropolitan Region Hamburg and various sites in Schleswig-Holstein (for more details see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071832#pone-0071832-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>)). White (<i>Cpp. pipiens</i>), black (<i>Cx. torrentium</i>) and red (<i>Cpp. molestus</i>) quarters indicate pools that were composed of a single species. Grey (<i>Cpp. pipiens</i>+<i>Cx. torrentium</i>) and dark-red (<i>Cpp. molestus</i>+<i>Cx. torrentium</i>) quarters indicate pools composed of two species. With the current set-up (i.e.using pooled samples) the composition of pink quarters could be either two biotypes <i>Cpp. pipiens</i> and <i>Cpp. molestus</i> or hybrids of both biotypes. The n-numbers given in the graphs notify total numbers of individuals analysed in each cluster.</p

Identification of <i>Cpp.</i> biotype hybrids in two German metropolitan areas.

<p>Detailed species composition at the 4 sampling sites of the Rhine-Main metropolitan area (right graph) and 5 sampling sites at Hamburg metropolitan area (left graph). DNA samples from single individuals collected at these sampling sites were subjected to the multiplex real-time PCR and analysed for the presence of biotype hybrids. Bars represent species distribution in percent at each site. White indicates <i>Cpp.</i> biotype <i>pipiens</i>; red <i>Cpp.</i> biotype <i>molestus</i>; yellow hybrids of biotypes <i>pipiens</i> and <i>molestus</i>. Biotype hybrids were found at Dirmstein and Bobenheim-Roxheim trapping sites in Southwest Germany and at the Wulksfelde trapping site in northern Germany. Additionally, the presence of <i>Cx. torrentium</i> was assed and is indicated by the grey bars in both graphs.</p