Zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine

In the last few years, the transfusion medicine community has been paying special attention to emerging vector-borne diseases transmitted by arboviruses. Zika virus is the latest of these pathogens and is responsible for major outbreaks in Africa, Asia and, more recently, in previously infection-naïve territories of the Pacific area. Many issues regarding this emerging pathogen remain unclear and require further investigation. National health authorities have adopted different prevention strategies. The aim of this review article is to discuss the currently available, though limited, information and the potential impact of this virus on transfusion medicine

Alternative Blood Products and Clinical Needs in Transfusion Medicine

The primary focus of national blood programs is the provision of a safe and adequate blood supply. This goal is dependent on regular voluntary donations and a regulatory infrastructure that establishes and enforces standards for blood safety. Progress in ex vivo expansion of blood cells from cell sources including peripheral blood, cord blood, induced pluripotent stem cells, and human embryonic stem cell lines will likely make alternative transfusion products available for clinical use in the near future. Initially, alloimmunized patients and individuals with rare blood types are most likely to benefit from alternative products. However, in developed nations voluntary blood donations are projected to be inadequate in the future as blood usage by individuals 60 years and older increases. In developing nations economic and political challenges may impede progress in attaining self-sufficiency. Under these circumstances, ex vivo generated red cells may be needed to supplement the general blood supply

Leucoreduction of blood components. an effective way to increase blood safety?

Over the past 30 years, it has been demonstrated that removal of white blood cells from blood components is effective in preventing some adverse reactions such as febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions, immunisation against human leucocyte antigens and human platelet antigens, and transmission of cytomegalovirus. In this review we discuss indications for leucoreduction and classify them into three categories: evidence-based indications for which the clinical efficacy is proven, indications based on the analysis of observational clinical studies with very consistent results and indications for which the clinical efficacy is partial or unproven

Human T-lymphotropic virus and transfusion safety. Does one size fit all?

Human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are associated with a variety of human diseases, including some severe ones. Transfusion transmission of HTLV through cellular blood components is undeniable. HTLV screening of blood donations became mandatory in different countries to improve the safety of blood supplies. In Japan and Europe, most HTLV-infected donors are HTLV-1 positive, whereas in the United States a higher prevalence of HTLV-2 is reported. Many industrialized countries have also introduced universal leukoreduction of blood components, and pathogen inactivation technologies might be another effective preventive strategy, especially if and when generalized to all blood cellular products. Considering all measures available to minimize HTLV blood transmission, the question is what would be the most suitable and costeffective strategy to ensure a high level of blood safety regarding these viruses, considering that there is no solution that can be deemed optimal for all countries

Human parvovirus B19 and blood product safety. A tale of twenty years of improvements

Parvovirus B19 (B19V), long known to be the causative agent of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), is not a newly emerging agent. The aim of this review is to analyse the role played by this virus in compromising safety in transfusion medicine and the progressive measures to reduce the risks associated with the virus

Musica di contrabbando: il dadaismo proto-punk degli Squallor

Between the ‘60s and ‘80s Italian music was strongly conditioned by two contrasting events: on the one hand, there was a censorship that often forced artists to modify the lyrics of their songs, from the attenuation to the distortion of the meaning, in order to avoid the risk of being banned from the diffusion channels. On the other hand, a parallel, underground and irreverent phenomenon, which was embodied in the name of a band: Gli Squallor. They are the only band in the history of Italian song who have managed to become a cult phenomenon without any advertising and outside the official sales circuit, but only through word of mouth and thanks to the effectiveness of a desecrating parody that went beyond the limits of respectability and the claim of modesty in that period

Musei E Intelligenza Artificiale: Un Toolkit di Progettazione

The Museums + AI network engaged with 50 senior museum professionals, and leading academics across the UK and US. Alongside these industry focussed events we were delighted to throw open the doors to the public through a series of events called Curator: Computer: Creator that encouraged diverse voices to join the conversation on what AI might look like for museums in the near future in partnership with the Barbican Centre (London), and Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (NYC). During these workshops and events, we tested, challenged and refined models of practice, workshop formats, and development tools – this toolkit is one of the results of that work. We hope you will use this toolkit when developing future AI projects in your own museum, and signpost colleagues and peers to it as a free resource to support the development of ethically robust project concepts. The toolkit is designed to start a conversation, it does not provide all the answers, or indeed offer solutions, but instead it serves as a foundation for critical engagement with these technologies and the possibilities and challenges that they offer. The toolkit was first published in English in 2020, in 2022 we were approached by international partners who sought to adopt this work for use in their regions, in response to demand we worked with partners to publish a German and Spanish edition, with new case studies from each of these countries added to provide local context to the framework. In 2024 we published an Italian version of the toolkit. Partners for the international versions of this work are listed in each toolkit. The Responsible AI Development Frameworks included in the toolkit are standalone tools, which are timeless as they relate to development process rather than specific technologies and tools

Plasma wind tunnel characterization of plasma-sprayed UHTC coatings

Ceramic coatings are widely used as thermal barrier or as oxidation barrier, in many industrial applications. The use of UHTC is mandatory when dealing with hypersonic vehicles characterized by high thermal flux in oxidizing environment. Since 2000, in the framework of the national aerospace research program (PRORA-SHS) and within various other National and European programs, CIRA has studied, developed, and tested monolithic UHTCs and UHTC coatings on different high temperature structural materials. Small winglets and nose made in UHTC (EXPERT and SHARK project) or UHTC coated (SCRAMSPACE project) were designed, manufactured and installed on rockets or re-entry vehicles for in-flight qualification. Unfortunately, only the SHARK nose tip experienced the flighty environment. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Non-IBD colitides: clinically useful histopathological clues.

Apart from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), there are several other form of colitis that may resemble macroscopically IBD, entering the differential diagnosis. These forms are represented by infectious colitis, ischemic colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, colitis related to diverticular disease, colitis related to mucosal prolapse, drug colitis, allergic colitis, and microscopic colitis. However, to distinguish between these forms is not always easy, and it frequently requires a strict interrelationship between the pathologist and the gastroenterologist. Here we discuss the more frequent forms of non- inflammatory bowel diseases colitides, trying to give useful hints for helping the clinician to better understand the extent to which the pathologist is called to give a definitive response in the differential diagnosis of these entities