Effective and ecological half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs observed in wheat and rice in Japan

Published pre-Fukushima food monitoring data from 1963 to 1995 were used to study the long-term presence of 137Cs and 90Sr in rice and wheat. Effective half-lives (T eff) were calculated for rice (137Cs: 5.6 years; 90Sr: 6.7 years) and wheat (137Cs: 3.5 years; 90Sr: 6.2 years), respectively. In rice, 137Cs exhibits a longer T eff because putrefaction processes will lead to the formation of NH4 + ions that are efficient ion exchangers for mineral-adsorbed cesium ions, hence making it more readily available to the plant. Knowledge on the long-term behavior of radiocesium and radiostrontium will be important for Japanese food-safety campaigns after the Fukushima nuclear accident.JSPS KAKENHI/25870158CDC NIOSH Mountain and Plains Education and Research Center/T42OH009229-07NRC/NRC-HQ-12-G-38-004

Quantifying Flood Vulnerability Reduction via Private Precaution

Private precaution is an important component in contemporary flood risk management and climate adaptation. However, quantitative knowledge about vulnerability reduction via private precautionary measures is scarce and their effects are hardly considered in loss modeling and risk assessments. However, this is a prerequisite to enable temporally dynamic flood damage and risk modeling, and thus the evaluation of risk management and adaptation strategies. To quantify the average reduction in vulnerability of residential buildings via private precaution empirical vulnerability data (n = 948) is used. Households with and without precautionary measures undertaken before the flood event are classified into treatment and nontreatment groups and matched. Postmatching regression is used to quantify the treatment effect. Additionally, we test state-of-the-art flood loss models regarding their capability to capture this difference in vulnerability. The estimated average treatment effect of implementing private precaution is between 11 and 15 thousand EUR per household, confirming the significant effectiveness of private precautionary measures in reducing flood vulnerability. From all tested flood loss models, the expert Bayesian network-based model BN-FLEMOps and the rule-based loss model FLEMOps perform best in capturing the difference in vulnerability due to private precaution. Thus, the use of such loss models is suggested for flood risk assessments to effectively support evaluations and decision making for adaptable flood risk management.European Union http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011102Peer Reviewe

Investigating barriers in HIV-testing oncology patients. The IBITOP study: phase I.

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (non-ADCs) among HIV-positive patients is rising. We previously described HIV testing rates of <5% in our oncology centre, against a local HIV prevalence of 0.4% (1). We have since worked with the Service of Oncology to identify, how HIV testing can be optimized, we have conducted a study on investigating barriers in HIV-testing oncology patients (IBITOP) among treating oncologists and their patients. METHODS: After an initial two-month pilot study to examine feasibility (2), we conducted the first phase of the IBITOP study between 1st July and 31st October 2013. Patients of unknown HIV status, newly diagnosed with solid-organ non-AIDS-defining cancer, and treated at Lausanne University Hospital were invited to participate. Patients were offered HIV testing as a part of their initial oncology work-up. Oncologist testing proposals and patient acceptance were the primary endpoints. RESULTS: Of 235 patients with a new oncology diagnosis, 10 were excluded (7 with ADCs and 3 of known HIV-positive status). Mean age was 62 years; 48% were men and 71% were Swiss. Of 225 patients, 75 (33%) were offered HIV testing. Of these, 56 (75%) accepted, of whom 52 (93%) were tested. A further ten patients were tested (without documentation of being offered a test), which gave a total testing rate of 28% (62/225). Among the 19 patients who declined testing, reasons cited included self-perceived absence of HIV risk, previous testing and palliative care. Of the 140 patients not offered HIV testing and not tested, reasons were documented for 35 (25%), the most common being previous testing and follow-up elsewhere. None of the 62 patients HIV tested had a reactive test. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, one third of patients seen were offered testing and the HIV testing rate was fivefold higher than that of previously observed in this service. Most patients accepted testing when offered. As HIV-positive status impacts on the medical management of cancer patients, we recommend that HIV screening should be performed in settings, where HIV prevalence is >0.1%. Phase II of the IBITOP study is now underway to explore barriers to HIV screening among oncologists and patients following the updated national HIV testing guidelines which recommend testing in non-ADC patients undergoing chemotherapy

On the Location of Boron in SiO2‐embedded Si Nanocrystals – An X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study

Doping of silicon nanostructures is crucial to understand their properties and to enhance their potential in various fields of application. Herein, SiO2-embedded Si nanocrystals (quantum dots) ≈3–6 nm in diameter are used as a model system to study the incorporation of B dopants by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Such samples represent a model system for ultimately scaled, 3D-confined Si nanovolumes. The analysis is complemented by real-space density functional theory to calculate the 1s (K shell) electron binding energies of B in 11 different, thermodynamically stable configurations of the Si/SiOx/SiO2 system. Although no indications for a substitutional B-acceptor configuration are found, the predominant O coordination of B indicates the preferred B incorporation into the SiO2 matrix and near the Si-nanocrystal/SiO2 interface, which is inherently incompatible with charge carrier generation by dopants. It is concluded that B doping of ultrasmall Si nanostructures fails due to a lack of B incorporation onto Si lattice sites that cannot be overcome by increasing the B concentration. The inability to efficiently insert B into Si nanovolumes appears to be a boron-specific fundamental obstacle for electronic doping (e.g., not observed for phosphorus) that adds to the established nanosize effects, namely, increased dopant activation and ionization energies

On the Origin of Reversible and Irreversible Reactions in LiNix_{x}Co(1−x)/2_{(1-x)/2}Mn(1−x)/2_{(1-x)/2}O2_{2}

Bond formation and breakage is crucial upon energy storage in lithium transition metal oxides (LiMeO$_{2}$, Me = Ni, Co, Mn), i.e., the conventional cathode materials in Li ion batteries. Near-edge X-ray absorption finestructure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) of the Me L and O K edge performed upon the first discharge of LiNi$_{x}$Co$_{(1-x)/2}$Mn$_{(1-x)/2}$O$_{2}$ (x = 0.33: NCM111, x = 0.6: NCM622, x = 0.8: NCM811) in combination with charge transfer multiplet (CTM) calculations provide unambiguous evidence that redox reactions in NCMs proceed via a reversible oxidation of Ni associated with the formation of covalent bonds to O neighbors, and not, as widely assumed, via pure cationic or more recently discussed, pure anionic redox processes. Correlating these electronic changes with crystallographic data using operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD) shows that the amount of ionic Ni limits the reversible capacity— at states of charge where all ionic Ni is oxidized (above 155 mAh g$^{-1}$), the lattice parameters collapse, and irreversible reactions are observed. Yet the covalence of the Ni–O bonds also triggers the electronic structure and thus the operation potential of the cathodes