High Performance X-Ray Transmission Windows Based on Graphenic Carbon

A novel x-ray transmission window based on graphenic carbon has been developed with superior performance compared to beryllium transmission windows that are currently used in the field. Graphenic carbon in combination with an integrated silicon frame allows for a window design which does not use a mechanical support grid or additional light blocking layers. Compared to beryllium, the novel x-ray transmission window exhibits an improved transmission in the low energy region ($0.1 hbox{keV}-3 hbox{keV}$ ) while demonstrating excellent mechanical stability, as well as light and vacuum tightness. Therefore, the newly established graphenic carbon window, can replace beryllium in x-ray transmission windows with a nontoxic and abundant material. Index terms: Beryllium, Carbon, Graphene, Thin films, X-ray applications, X-ray detector

Sub-cycle optical control of current in a semiconductor: from the multiphoton to the tunneling regime

Nonlinear interactions between ultrashort optical waveforms and solids can be used to induce and steer electric current on a femtosecond (fs) timescale, holding promise for electronic signal processing at PHz frequencies [Nature 493, 70 (2013)]. So far, this approach has been limited to insulators, requiring extremely strong peak electric fields and intensities. Here, we show all-optical generation and control of directly measurable electric current in a semiconductor relevant for high-speed and high-power (opto)electronics, gallium nitride (GaN), within an optical cycle and on a timescale shorter than 2 fs, at intensities at least an order of magnitude lower than those required for dielectrics. Our approach opens the door to PHz electronics and metrology, applicable to low-power (non-amplified) laser pulses, and may lead to future applications in semiconductor and photonic integrated circuit technologies

Measuring deuterium permeation through tungsten near room temperature under plasma loading using a getter layer and ion-beam based detection

A method to measure deuterium permeation through tungsten near room temperature under plasma loading is presented. The permeating deuterium is accumulated in a getter layer of zirconium, titanium or erbium, respectively, on the unexposed side of the sample. Subsequently, the amount of deuterium in the getter is measured ex-situ using nuclear reaction analysis. A cover layer system on the getter prevents direct loading of the getter with deuterium from the gas phase during plasma loading. In addition, it enables the distinction of deuterium in the getter and at the cover surface. The method appears promising to add additional permeation measurement capabilities to deuterium retention experiments, also in other plasma devices, without the need for a complex in-situ permeation measurement setup. Keywords: Deuterium, Plasma, Permeation, Tungsten, Getter, Ion-bea

Supplement 1: Sub-cycle optical control of current in a semiconductor: from the multiphoton to the tunneling regime

This document provides supplementary information on our experimental methods and theoretical formalism. Originally published in Optica on 20 December 2016 (optica-3-12-1358