A detailed evaluation of format-compliant encryption methods for JPEG XR-compressed images

JPEG XR is the most recent still image coding standard, and custom security features for this format arerequiredfor fast adoption of the standard. Format-compliant encryption schemes are important for many application scenarios but need to be highly customised to a specific recent format like JPEG XR. This paper proposes, discusses, and evaluates a set of format-compliant encryption methods for the JPEG XR standard: coefficient scan order permutation, sign bit encryption, transform-based encryption, random level shift encryption, index-based VLC encryption, and encrypting entire frequency bands are considered. All algorithms are thoroughly evaluated by discussing possible compression impact, by assessing visual security and cryptographic security, and by discussing applicability in real-world scenarios. Most techniques are found to be insecure and, in a cryptographic sense, have a limited range of applicability and cannot be applied to JPEG XR bitstreams in an efficient manner. Encrypting entire frequency bands is identified to be a good solution in case a weaker form of format compliance can be accepted.Stefan Jenisch and Andreas Uh

S100A2 coding sequence polymorphism: characterization and lack of association with psoriasis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74321/1/j.1365-2230.2001.00766.x.pd

Linkage disequilibrium analysis of familial psoriasis: identification of multiple disease-associated MHC haplotypes

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65881/1/j.1399-0039.1999.530203.x.pd

Analysis of phenotypic variation in psoriasis as a function of age at onset and family history

To evaluate the relationship between psoriasis disease severity, age at onset, and family history, we analyzed 537 US psoriatics, most of whom were from Michigan. Total body surface area involvement (%TBSA), presence or absence of joint complaints, and nail involvement were measured. Analysis of familial psoriatics revealed that %TBSA was 15.1% when onset was early, but only 8.7% when onset was late ( P =0.00003). The opposite trend was seen when psoriasis was sporadic: %TBSA was 14.3% when onset was early (≤40 years of age) compared to 28.0% when onset was late ( P =0.0034). However, the sporadic group was small and ascertainment of the sporadic group was biased for severe involvement. As determined by log-linear analysis, joint complaints and age at onset were not significantly associated after controlling for age at examination, nor were joint complaints and familial status. Psoriatic nail changes were conditionally independent of familial status, given age at onset; nail changes were more frequently encountered in early-onset patients. There was no significant difference in the frequency of carriage of the MHC psoriasis risk determinant in the familial vs sporadic groups. Early-onset psoriatics did carry this determinant significantly more frequently, as expected. These results demonstrate increased severity of skin and nail disease in early-onset psoriasis, when psoriasis is familial. The lack of clinical differences between "familial" and "sporadic" psoriasis may reflect a similar genetic basis for both conditions, at least when onset is early.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42214/1/403-294-5-207_s00403-002-0321-3.pd