7,988 research outputs found
Spoiled Onions: Exposing Malicious Tor Exit Relays
Several hundred Tor exit relays together push more than 1 GiB/s of network
traffic. However, it is easy for exit relays to snoop and tamper with
anonymised network traffic and as all relays are run by independent volunteers,
not all of them are innocuous.
In this paper, we seek to expose malicious exit relays and document their
actions. First, we monitored the Tor network after developing a fast and
modular exit relay scanner. We implemented several scanning modules for
detecting common attacks and used them to probe all exit relays over a period
of four months. We discovered numerous malicious exit relays engaging in
different attacks. To reduce the attack surface users are exposed to, we
further discuss the design and implementation of a browser extension patch
which fetches and compares suspicious X.509 certificates over independent Tor
circuits.
Our work makes it possible to continuously monitor Tor exit relays. We are
able to detect and thwart many man-in-the-middle attacks which makes the
network safer for its users. All our code is available under a free license
Development of a strategy for fire blight control in organic fruit growing
Effective control strategies are needed in organic fruit growing to prevent blossom infections by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. There are many potential control agents under discussion. 18 preparations have been tested for their efficiency against Erwinia amylovora. Twelve of them were highly effective against E. amylovora in vitro. Nevertheless only five of them led to a symptom reduction of more than 50% on de-tached apple blossoms. These results and data on field performance from the literature indicate that Blos-som-Protect is the most effective preparation to prevent blossom infections by fire blight. Therefore further experiments have been performed to develop a strategy for the use of Blossom-Protect in organic fruit grow-ing. The side effect of Blossom-Protect on fruit russeting was tested in two field trials in 2005. No increase of fruit russet was detected in the varieties `Jonagored` and `Golden Delicious` after 2 or 3 applications of Blossom-Protect during bloom
Universality in antiferromagnetic strange metals
We propose a theory of metals at the spin-density wave quantum critical point
in spatial dimension . We provide a first estimate of the full set of
critical exponents (dynamical exponent , correlation length , spin susceptibility , electronic non-Fermi liquid
, spin-wave Landau damping ), which
determine the universal power-laws in thermodynamics and response functions in
the quantum-critical regime relevant for experiments in heavy-fermion systems
and iron pnictides. We present approximate numerical and analytical solutions
of Polchinski-Wetterich type flow equations with soft frequency regulators for
an effective action of electrons coupled to spin-wave bosons. Performing the
renormalization group in frequency -instead of momentum- space allows to track
changes of the Fermi surface shape and to capture Landau damping during the
flow. The technique is easily generalizable from models retaining only patches
of the Fermi surface to full, compact Fermi surfaces.Comment: 46 pages, 13 figures, typos fixed; as accepted to Physical Review
Growing into and out of Social Conflict
We present a model of growth and distributional conflict that implies a non-monotonic relationship between average wealth and the likelihood of radical redistribution; while the net benefits of redistribution for members of the poor class are small at low stages of development, a shift towards egalitarianism considerably improves agents' income prospects once an intermediate level of per-capita wealth is reached. As the economy grows further, the incentive to challange the existing social order decreases again and eventually vanishes. This nonmonotonicity captures the observation that historical shifts to radically redistributive policies frequently took place after extended periods of economic growth.
An introduction to Markov chains for interested high school students
Markov Chains are introduced by only assuming some knowledge of the notion of probability. The modelling of a situation in a context of biology gives the opportunity to students to approach various concepts of probability theory themselves. --
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