Specific manifestation of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on crop losses

Background. Enzymomycotic depletion of grain leads to a significant decrease in the dry matter mass of the grain, as the intensity of respiration increases, protein substances break down, enzymes (in particular, α-amylase) pass from the adsorbed form to the water-soluble one, and their activity increases sharply. One of the consequences of this is the intensive amylolysis of starch, which means a significant deterioration in the technological indicators of the quality of grain and seeds. Materials and Methods. This study gives a thorough description of the process of enzymomycotic depletion of grain of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sowing rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) depending on abiotic factors and the sources of resistance to ear diseases 4, 8, 12 days after the onset of full ripeness in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine (2019–2021). Research methods – general scientific, field, measurement and weight, mathematical and statistical. Results and Discussion. According to the obtained results, the dependence of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on abiotic factors was established. The development of ear diseases depended both on weather factors and on the ecological plasticity of the cultivar. The highest percentage of the distribution of ear sepsoria was observed on the 12th day after the onset of full ripeness: wheat – 3.3 %, rye – 2.4 %, triticale – 1.9 %, fusarium, respectively 2.4 %, 1.9 %, 1 %, 8 %. The loss of dry matter in the weight of 1000 grains depended on the ecotype of the cultivar and the duration of the grain stan­ding time 4, 8, and 12 days after full ripeness. Conclusion. The following cultivars were most resistant to EMDG: Oberih Myronivsky (wheat), Kobza (rye), Obrij Myronivsky (triticale); their base seed production profitability rates being 75.1 %, 116.6 %, and 146.8 %, respectively. The results of the study can be used in the selection of varieties of winter grain crops resistant to enzymomycotic grain depletion for the western forest-steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine, where breeding work on these crops is not carried out and agricultural producers purchase seeds of new varieties from the originating institutions of the central forest-steppe to introduce them into production

Економічна оцінка моделей технологій створення та використання бобово-злакових травостоїв

Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of liming, inoculation, growth stimulant, mineral, composite organic-mineral fertilizers, the number of legumes and cereals mown during the season and to conduct a comparative analysis of economic efficiency of grassland use for three and five years. Methodology / approach. Economic evaluation of the efficiency of technologies was based on experimental data. The experimental work was carried out on the stationary experience of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine during 2011–2015. Meadow clover, eastern galega, Timothy grass, meadow fescue and Bromus inermis were used to create the herbage. Indicators of economic efficiency were determined by the calculation method on personally developed technological maps. Results. According to the data of five-year research the dynamics of forage productivity of bean-cereal grass stand was determined and the economic estimation of technologies of creation and use of meadow agro phytocenosis is given. It was found that the total cost of creating grass stands was 189–191 USD/ha, and the application of lime increased them to 555 USD/ha. In the first year the yield of fodder units at the level of 2.22–4.53 t/ha was obtained from the newly created legume-grass stand, and in the third year – 4.43–7.36 t/ha. In the fifth year, the forage productivity of grassland decreased to 4.25–6.53 t/ha of forage units. The highest indicators of economic efficiency of creation and use of leguminous and cereal grasses were received for three years of use, and on the average for five years the level of profitability and conditionally net income decreased a little. The most expensive measure by creating legumes is liming the soil. From an economic point of view, this measure pays off by mowing the grass twice in three years and three times in five years. The highest forage productivity of clover-cereal grassland with a conditional level of profitability of 291 %, conditionally net income of 753 USD/ha is provided by the technology of creation and use, which includes the use of composite organic-mineral fertilizer against phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, the expediency of using composite organic-mineral fertilizers in the creation of legumes and cereals was proved, and their role in increasing fodder, energy and agro-resource potential was revealed. Practical value / implications. The proposed models of technologies allow creating high-performance legume-cereal meadow agrophytocenoses without the use of nitrogen fertilizers with the use of composite organo-mineral preparations, which provide an average of 5.7 t/ha of fodder units in five years; contribute to increasing a conditional level of profitability to 291 %, which leads to increased efficiency of agricultural production

Ecological and economic efficiency of growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation of the Western region

Purpose. The purpose of the article – to substantiate the economic efficiency and environmental feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotational cultivation in the Western region at different levels of anthropogenic loads. Methodology / approach. Ecological and economic assessment of the efficiency of growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation with the help of intensive and alternative organomineral fertilization systems was carried out on the basis of the interpretation of information array of data obtained in the conditions of a long-term experimental model range of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region during 2016–2020. The economic efficiency was determined by the calculation method according to the technological maps developed by us. Results. It has been proved that the complex use of mineral (N120P100K100) and organic (both traditional – manure, and alternative – winter wheat straw – stubble predecessor in cultivation and green mass of post-harvest sidereal culture) fertilizers contributes to obtaining high productivity of maize grain with a yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of feed units and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein. It has been proven that the highest values of notional net profit (737 USD/ha) and payback of 1 USD of expenses (2.0 USD) are provided for joint application of mineral and alternative organic fertilizers. It has been established that a high conditional level of profitability of growing maize for grain (72–104 %) is formed for the introduction of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P100K100 on traditional and alternative organic backgrounds. The ecological-stabilizing role of organomineral fertilizing complexes has been substantiated in soil-grain processes, proposed for use in maize growing for grain. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of the Western region, there is a scientifically substantiated ecological and economic feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotation cultivation with traditional and alternative fertilization systems. Practical value / implications. The proposed approaches for growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation of the Western region ensure its high grain productivity at the level of yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of fodder and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein, increase the conditional level of profitability up to 72–104 % for environmentally safe agricultural production

Patterns of winter wheat ear productivity formation depending on the content of trace elements in the soil

The study of patterns of the formation of ear productivity depending on the content of potentially bioavailable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, the stochastic formalization of such patterns are important for a more profound understanding of the conceptual and mechanistic aspects of the dependence of yield development on the levels of nutrient supply of winter wheat under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems. The purpose of this study was to find statistically significant interdependencies, significant and relevant univariate or multivariate regression equations of the dependence of the mass of grains of ear-1 of winter wheat on the content of potentially bioavailable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, arguments and explanations of such subordinations under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems. The following methods were used in the study: field, laboratoryanalytical, mass-spectrometric, mathematical-statistical (Student’s t-test, ANOVA, correlational, single- and multivariate regression analyses). The applied green fertilization systems based on pea straw or pea straw + N30P45K45, or N60P90K90, only N60P90K90 caused an increase in the weight of grains of one ear of winter wheat, the content of mobile forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the grey forest soil under this culture (earing phase), compared to the control (without fertilizers). Substantial and significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the mass of grains of an ear of wheat and the content of mobile Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil, the corresponding contents of Mn and Zn, Cu and Zn, as well as the coefficients of partial correlation of the mass of grains of ear-1 of wheat – Cu, Mn – Zn testified to the complex structure of interdependencies between the traits under study. Reliable, relevant single- and multifactorial regression dependences of the mass of grains of ear-1 on linear combinations of products of independent variables (the content of mobile Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the soil) and/or such variables in indicators of natural powers 2-4 (fragments of the Kolmogorov-Gabor polynomial) were found. The coverage of regularities in the formation of the productivity of the ear of winter wheat depending on the content of potentially bioavailable microelements in the soil under the conditions of environmentally friendly fertilization systems will enable the theoretical substantiation and development of the latest strategies of mineral and ecological engineering of agricultural systems to maintain prominent levels and biological safety of the harvest of the specified cro

Small business support in the territories in a decentralized environment

Purpose of the article: to substantiate differentiated mechanisms of support of small business entities within the newly formed communities under the conditions of decentralization in order to eliminate disparities in business development. Research methods: comparison, statistical-analytical method, tabular and graphical modeling, analysis and generalization of data have been used in the academic paper