Business communication in different countries

At the moment the world is going actively on globalization: in the world where employees of one company can be scattered in different continents and the geographical scope is wider customer, compliance with cultural norms in communication can become the key to effective cooperation and transactions, and the lack of understanding of these rules can have dire consequences. В настоящее время в мире идет активный процесс глобализации: в мире, сотрудники одной компании могут быть разбросаны по разным континентам, при этом соблюдение культурных норм в общении может стать залогом эффективного сотрудничества, а отсутствие понимания этих норм может иметь печальные последствия

Izloženost genotoksičnim agensima iz životnog okoliša tijekom prenatalnog razvoja i djetinjstva

Health disorders and diseases related to environmental exposure in children such as cancer and immunologic disturbances (asthma, allergies) are on the rise. However, complex transplacental and prepubertal genotoxicology is given very limited consideration, even though intrauterine development and early childhood may be critical for elucidating the cancer aetiology. The foetus is transplacentally exposed to contaminants in food and environment such as various chemicals, drugs, radiochemically contaminated water and air. Target organs of xenobiotic action may differ between the mother and the foetus due to specific stage of developmental physiology and enzyme distribution. This in turn may lead to different levels of clastogenic and aneugenic metabolites of the same xenobiotic in the mother and the foetus. Adult’s protective behaviour is not sufficient to isolate children from radioisotopes, pesticides, toxic metals and metalloids, environmental tobacco smoke, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and various food contaminants, which are just a part of the stressors present in a polluted environment. In order to improve legislation related to foetus and child exposure to genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic agents, oncologists, paediatricians, environmental health specialists, and genotoxicologists should work together much more closely to make a more effective use of accumulated scientific data, with the final aim to lower cancer incidence and mortality.Unatoč velikim naporima da se smanji okolišna izloženost u djece se dalje bilježi trend porasta pojavnosti karcinoma i imunosnih poremećaja (astma, alergije). Premda su intrauterini razvoj i rano djetinjstvo kritično razdoblje za tumačenje etiologije nastanka karcinoma, transplacentalna i prepubertetna genotoksikologija do danas su slabo istražene. Fetus je transplacentalno izložen brojnim fizikalnim i kemijskim čimbenicima: kontaminantima iz hrane i okoliša, radiokemijski kontaminiranoj vodi, zraku te lijekovima. Ciljna tkiva za djelovanje ksenobiotika mogu biti različita u majke i fetusa zbog različitosti u razvojnoj fiziologiji i distribuciji enzima. Zbog toga u organizmu majke i fetusa mogu nastati različite razine klastogenih i aneugenih metabolita istog ksenobiotika. Zaštitna uloga odraslih u namjeri da spriječe negativne utjecaje onečišćenog okoliša na djetetovo zdravlje često je ograničena jer su radioizotopi, olovo, PCB, pasivno pušenje, živa, endokrino aktivne tvari, pesticidi i kontaminanti prisutni u svim životnim područjima tijekom razvoja i rasta djeteta. Kako bi se poboljšalo zakonodavstvo vezano uz izloženost djece genotoksičnim i vjerojatno kancerogenim tvarima, tijekom razvoja potrebna je bolja suradnja onkologa, pedijatara, stručnjaka zdravstvene ekologije i genotoksikologa. Na taj način ostvarilo bi se uspješnije iskorištavanje postojećih znanstvenih podataka u cilju smanjenja incidencije karcinoma i mortaliteta

The prevalence of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Omsk region: data of the ESSE-RF2 study

Aim. To study the prevalence of some traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Omsk region.Material and methods. The prevalence of traditional risk factors for CVD in a representative sample of the Omsk region population aged 25-64 years (n=1,648) was estimated as a part of the ESSE-RF2 study in 2017.Results. It was established that the mean age of CVD detection in the Omsk region is 46,3 years, the prevalence of overweight is 35,0%, obesity — 30,3%. Abdominal obesity was detected in 56,8% of subjects. Smoking was reveled in 21,2% of the population, former smoking — 20,0%. Alcohol consumption more than 2 times a month was observed in one third of respondents (30,5%). In the group of healthy people, compared with CVD patients, the percentage of smokers and alcohol consumers was detected significantly more often: smoking — 25,2±1,26% vs 17,1±0,86% and 32,9±1,6% vs 28,1±1,4%, respectively. Perhaps it was the diseases the reason for smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence among people with CVD. It should be noted that among 70% of alcohol consumers, both with/ without CVD, strong drinks were the preferred type of alcohol. Hypertension (HTN) was observed in 47,9% of subjects, and in 43,1% the diagnosis was verified. In 4,8% of HTN individuals, blood pressure increase was detected for the first time in this study. The prevalence of diabetes of both types in the Omsk region was 6,7%, and in group A (with CVD) it was much higher than in group B (without CVD): 10,7% vs 2,8%. Type 2 diabetes prevailed in people with CVD (p=0,000005). This was not characteristic of type 1 diabetes.Conclusion. The most common risk factors for CVD in the Omsk region population were HTN (47,9%), abdominal obesity (56,8%), a positive family history of early CVD (62,0%), alcohol consumption over the past 12 months (71,7%) and strong alcohol drinking (72,0%). However, a significant portion of the subjects (41,3%) consumed alcohol no more than 1 time per month

Nutrition and Dietary Habits Associated with Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Population of Omsk region: Case-Control Study

Relevance. Nutrition is the most important biological factor on which the functioning of the human body depends. The link between the development of colorectal cancer and nutrition and eating habits is well known: excessive consumption of red meat, fats, alcohol, lack of dietary fiber, obesity. Objective: To assess the prevalence and significance of factors related to nutrition and food habits in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the population of the Omsk region.Materials and methods. An epidemiological analytical study (case-control) was conducted, in which 609 people took part - residents of the Omsk Region aged 30 to 85 years (average age 51.2 years; 95% CI 48.1 – 54.3). The study examined 23 factors characterizing the diet and eating habits of study participants.Result and discussion. Of the 23 risk factors for CRC associated with nutrition and food habits, only six confirmed their importance to the residents of the Omsk region: a body mass index of more than 25, alcohol consumption more than twice a month with a predominance of strong, the frequency of red meat consumed more than 10 times a month, the amount of fresh fruit consumed is less than 100 grams at a time, the preference for fatty foods.Findings. The implementation of preventive measures, taking into account the prevalence of risk factors for CRC, including factors related to nutrition and eating habits, reduces the population and individual risk of this pathology in the population of the region, as well as health losses due to malignant neoplasms of the colon and colon

Eating habits among the Omsk Oblast population and poor nutrition in association with cardiovascular diseases according to the ESSE-RF2 study

Aim. To assess the prevalence of eating habits among the Omsk Oblast population and their association with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) according to the ESSERF2 study.Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF2 study with persons aged 25-64 years (random sample, n=1648), the dietary habits of 21 food groups were assessed using the questionnaire method. Results. Insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruits was revealed in 60,0% and 68,7% of the region’s population, which is 1,5-2,2 times higher than amongRussians. The daily intake of cereals is 2,3 times higher than that of pasta, especially in those with CVDs. In the region, poultry is preferred. Poultry at least once a week is consumed by 91,7% of Omsk residents, red meat — 74,8%, and fish — only 35,2% (vs 84,7%, 83,1% and 65,1% in Russians, respectively). The daily intake of liquid dairy products is low. Cheese and cottage cheese is consumed significantly lower than the national average, while legumes — 4 times lower. The presence of confectionery in the daily diet of 40,3% of Omsk residents looks more favorable than the average among Russians. In addition, 50% of the population eat pickles only 1-2 times a month (significantly less than in Russia). On the contrary, 60,9% of Omsk residents regularly (daily-weekly) consume meat and sausages (56,0% in Russia, p=0,000). Omsk residents with CVDs refrain from excessive consumption of sugar, other sweets, meat and sausages, pickles and marinades. They are almost 2 times more likely to exclude red meat from the diet or reduce its daily consumption than people without CVDs. Salting of cooked food, consumption of vegetables and fruits, fish, seafood and dairy products practically did not depend on CVDs.Conclusion. The food habits of Omsk residents differs from the national one in many products. People with CVDs have unfavorable eating habits: reduced consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, legumes and nuts. Patients do not change their diet in favor of cardioprotective products and decrease in adding more salt. Although, they more often refuse meat and sausages, pickles, marinades, sweets, and pasta, and increase the consumption of cereals

ON IMPORTANCE OF USING EVOLUTIONARILY ROBUST MARKERS FOR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS STRAINS OF LAM GENETIC FAMILY

Aim. The clinical and epidemiological significance of the Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) genetic family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis determines the importance of the correct detection of LAM strains. In this study, a complex of molecular methods was used to analyze LAM strains in the population of M. tuberculosis in the Omsk region of Western Siberia, which is characterized by a high incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Materials and methods. The collection included 207 strains of M. tuberculosis, isolated in the Omsk region in 2015 — 2016. The strains were subjected to spoligotyping, analysis of LAM-specific SNP Rv0129c 309G>A, and whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis. Results. A comparison of the obtained CRISPR-spoligotyping profiles with the international SITVIT_WEB database, assigned 11 strains (5.3%) to the LAM genotype. At the same time, based on analysis of phylogenetic SNP in the gene Rv0129c, 30 isolates (14.5%) were assigned to LAM. Whole genome sequencing was performed for 4 isolates with different spoligotyping profiles. Conclusion. The results of this study show the limited utility of the decision rules implemented in SITVIT_WEB to define LAM family for isolates with long deleted blocks of spacers or abridged spoligoprofiles. The following approach can be recommended for detection of LAM isolates (1) primary spoligotyping, comparison with SITVIT_WEB, and mandatory interpretation in the light of expert knowledge; (2) detection of LAM-specific SNP (e.g., using PCR-RFLP)

Healthcare-Associated Infections: Modern Doctrine of Prophylaxis. Part II. Basic Concept

The Doctrine for the prevention of healthсare-associated Infections (HAIs) is a declaration of the state policy in the field of epidemiological safety of medical care. This is a system of views and provisions that establishes the direction of prevention of HAIs, the ways and forms of their implementation. The presence of a deeply developed doctrine makes it possible to have a basis for decision-making. According to the conclusion of experts from the World Health Organization, no type of healthcare settings in any country can claim to be free from the risk of HAIs. Four key provisions underpin the risk-based approach: 1. The risk of HAIs in a healthcare settings always exists; 2. The risk of HAIs is determined by the degree of aggression and invasion, the epidemiological safety of the medical technologies used, the properties of pathogens and the conditions of the hospital environment; 3. The need to move from assessing and managing the epidemiological situation by morbidity to assessing the potential risk, risk management and risk-oriented prevention technologies; 4. Epidemiological safety is an integral part of ensuring the quality and safety of medical care