At the moment the world is going actively on globalization: in the world where employees of one company can be scattered in different continents and the geographical scope is wider customer, compliance with cultural norms in communication can become the key to effective cooperation and transactions, and the lack of understanding of these rules can have dire consequences. В настоящее время в мире идет активный процесс глобализации: в мире, сотрудники одной компании могут быть разбросаны по разным континентам, при этом соблюдение культурных норм в общении может стать залогом эффективного сотрудничества, а отсутствие понимания этих норм может иметь печальные последствия

Shulga, D. K.

Stasenko, N. I.

Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University

104??????????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????: ????????, ????????, ????, ????????????????,?????????????.?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????: «????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.????????????????????????????????1. ????????.  ???? ????? // ??????????»-Online. – 2004. – ? 22 (231). URL:http://www.zagranitsa.info/article.php?new=231&idart=2319 (??????????????: 21.04.2015).2. ???????? . ?. ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????.????????????? ???????? // II ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? «?????????????????????????». 15–20 ??????? 2010 ?. URL: http://www.rae.ru/forum2010/7/775 (??????????????: 21.04.2015).3. ?????. ??????????????? / ???. ?. ??????? // ??????????????????????. – 1975. – ?. 158–199.4. ??????????. ?. 1: ??????? 1838–1841. ??????????????. – ?.: ?????????????????????????, 1974. – 103 ?.??????????. ?., ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????E-mail: lena19963@mail.ruKomarova E. V.THE IRISH CHARACTER IN WORLD LITERATUREThe present article is devoted to the Irish character, its peculiarities and contradictions. Irish people are famous for theirunique personality, individuality, specific features. This nation occupies a certain place in literature; there are a lot of books wherethe main characters are the Irish. In the article the basic characteristics of the Irish personality are revealed from British and Irishpoints of view, they opinion can be frequently different. The article distinguishes the main authors devoting their works to theIrish.Keywords: Ireland, Irish character, culture, English literature, world literature.Komarova E. V., studentNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityE-mail: lena19963@mail.ruShulga D. K., Stasenko N. I.BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIESAt the moment the world is going actively on globalization: in the world where employees of one company can be scat-tered in different continents and the geographical scope is wider customer, compliance with cultural norms in communication canbecome the key to effective cooperation and transactions, and the lack of understanding of these rules can have dire consequences.Keywords: business communication, factors of effective communication, representatives of different cultures.Many experts are mistaken in thinking that in order to come to mutual understanding with the representativesof other cultures, it is enough to talk with them in the same language. However, knowledge of the language is still asmall part of success.Effective communication depends on several factors: the manner of speech, the ability to listen to the inter-locutor, gestures, and attitudes to leadership. If you do not take into account these factors, the conversation can cometo a standstill, but the sides have not understood each other.You must be able to adapt to the environment, like a chameleon to communicate effectively with people ofdifferent cultures. To do this, you should not be afraid to change its very nature and the way of thinking and be ableto put up with the inevitable inconvenience. For example, in a Muslim country you should not put the soles of yourshoes to the public, and in some cultures, there is a special tradition of shaking hands. By all accounts, to learn allthese peculiarities is not difficult.In this article, we present a few rules that will help to establish contact with representatives of some cultures.We must remember that these features cannot be taken as dogma. There is always the place to be errors due to humanperception through the prism of its cultural environment and the formation of the corresponding expectations. A spe-cific style of communication can be quite widespread in the relevant culture, but of individuals, companies and in-dustries can be your own style.Asian countries: evasiveness and hierarchyIn the Asian culture of communication prevalent themes are respect and reverence. This is immediately evi-dent in their manner of speech. It is important to listen carefully to an interlocutor, and many business people from105Asian countries have absorbed this culture with their mother's milk, be sure to wait for the end of the offer and sus-tain a small pause before you start answering.It often happens that communicating in a multicultural environment, for example, they will wait and wait forsilence, which will not occur.According to some people, businessmen from Asian countries are usually better to negotiate than their coun-terparts in the West. This is due to the fact that they begin to talk not just – what is often discouraged his companions– and almost never give out their thoughts by facial expression and gestures.They survive pause and reflect on replica interlocutor to emphasize how important to them his word. They donot want to answer in a hurry, and Americans often do not understand.In Asian cultures, like nowhere else in the world, you should try to avoid direct answers (although the degreeof evasiveness in your observations, varies, for example, the Indians are characterized by much greater candor thanthe Indonesians).In Asia, almost you should always avoid open criticism, negative reviews and the word «no» – all this is con-sidered disrespectful. «Maybe» means «no».For Asian cultures that are also characterized by a high degree of hierarchy. For leadership to show more re-spect; insubordination at the organization meeting is not encouraged. For example, the vice president should meetwith the vice-president or a person occupying a similar position, but not with the senior team [1].Latin American countries: a conversation about anything and personal relationshipsIn Latin American countries, as well as in Italy and Spain, the first place is a family and business ties based onpersonal relationships.An informative talk on abstract themes is an integral part of this culture, people are easy and fun to come intosuch a conversation and show genuine interest in the family life and leisure of each other.In these countries, it is much more appropriate to any manifestation of feelings – from gestures to expressionsof subjective judgments. According to the observations of great modern scientists submission of decisions or consid-erations in the subjective manner is permissible and even encouraged when test results are accompanied by phraseslike «I think».In addition, for this culture is characterized by great respect for the leaders and the tendency to rely on them [2].The USA: focus on results, and plain speakingAs for the American communication style that is characterized by independence and personal initiative, be-cause a professional culture in this country is focused on the result. People at various positions shall be empoweredto make decisions and have the right to express their opinions openly.In  the  USA,  people  did  not  hesitate  to  say:  «Of  course,  I  can  do  it».  «The  emphasis  on  the  «I»  is  muchstronger than in other countries. In addition, in the American style of communication the most importantly – this isunderstandable».Firstly, we’ll explain what we want to say, and then say, and then we explain what to say. In other culturesthis style of communication is often perceived as condescending.Evaluation of someone else's work in the United States is also expressed by its own way. A negative feedbackis often accompanied by several positive [2].The UK: mild criticismWhile in the UK and in the USA people speak English, communication style in these countries varies. Over-all, Britons tend more attention to the hierarchy, conservatism and evasiveness.In particular, the British communication style is characterized by extensive use of words and expressions thatmitigate criticism.In many Asian cultures, criticism and suggestions are usually not expressed openly. In the UK, this behavioris not forbidden, but here to say with less candor than in the USA, German and Scandinavian cultures. Examplesnegatives «in the British», «is an original point of view», or «maybe you should consider other options?»British and American English differ. Thus, the verb table in the US means «to defer consideration», and in theUK – «to proceed with its consideration» [2].Germany, Scandinavia and the Netherlands: the accuracy and clarityGerman, Scandinavian and Dutch communication styles are the same, as are the languages – very precise anddirect.They do not accept any empty talk, they are characterized by sincerity, seriousness, integrity and thorough-ness. «In addition, in these cultures objectivity is highly valued: any statement should be supported by the facts andanalysis».In the Netherlands, it is accepted to give and take a very honest and direct feedback – this is considered as asign of respect.Little known outside of Scandinavia «Yante law» that is formulated in a Norwegian novel, it is a set of tenrules, one of which reads: «Do not think you're special». This «law», claims the priority of the collective over theindividual, acting in Scandinavia, everywhere, so there is probably nowhere else in the world, society is built on theprinciples of equality. A stranger who has got to the workshop in some Scandinavian countries, are usually difficultto understand who is there in charge [3].Countries in Africa106The African continent has its own traditions of communication, despite the fact that many of the rules of busi-ness etiquette and protocol were introduced in the colonial era. The traditions of tribes and ethnic groups inhabitingAfrica south of the Sahara are extremely diverse.When the most common greeting is a handshake, but very important is its specificity. Do not compress yourfriend's hand. A handshake should be weaker than is customary in the USA and Europe. This is passed a special re-spect to an interlocutor. In some cases, you can find a handshake with both hands (left hand supports the right). Itusually means no aggressive intentions, the location of the interlocutor, underlining the social intimacy with him [4].There are features in the non-verbal components of communication for black people. For example, some peo-ple are not made to look straight in the eye. In many African cultures it is polite to go forward in the door man andthen a woman or a guest. This custom comes from the fact that the man should be the first to meet the danger. Afri-cans are more likely than Europeans can touch the face with their hands or cover the eyes during business meetings –the latter does not mean loss of interest in what is happening, or fatigue.The meetings are usually planned in advance. However, punctuality is not always observed. Generally it ischaracterized by a slower pace of life.In traditional African people are respected for age. Therefore, at the negotiating table we need to have specialrespect elders. This is important observance of distance (familiarity is not allowed).In no case you cannot use the word «nigger». It's insulting and goes something like «nigger». You can say«black», «black people» better for Africans [2].You should be careful when choosing flowers as a gift. For example, in Kenya, presented flowers are the ex-pression of condolences. It is not accepted to give flowers and Tanzania.Traditions with presentation of gifts have a wide variety. If you come to a house of Ugandans it is good (butnot strictly necessary) to capture any gift. But in Tanzania to give gifts means to leave the country for guests who canalso make a reciprocal gesture.TurkeyIn Turkey many business conversations are started at a cafe. If the negotiations are completed successfully atcafes, all people go to a restaurant to celebrate this event.If you go to visit your partner, do not forget about the flowers for a hostess.Turks love to give and receive gifts. Any reception which made the Turkish businessman is completed by thepresentation of small gifts. In special honor at the Turkish businessmen called «plaquettes» – packed in a velvet boxthat stands on bronze or brass plate with the logo of the company and a commemorative plaque. Your gift is a memo-rable sign of the firm.There are many aquariums, bird cages or room flowers in the cabinets. If you want to please a host you shouldexpress interest to them, they are located into his cabinet.Do not come to the meeting with the Turks, without having free time. Business talk will necessarily be pre-ceded by a «COX-bet» – a conversation about this and that, tea or coffee. Often, it is during such conversations im-portant problems are solved.In Turkey, on arrival in the guest house, according to generally accepted rules, women should retire and leavethe  men alone.  However,  the  head of  the  family  leaves  the  wife  in  the  room,  emphasizing  that  the  guest  «is  not  astranger». The guest in turn, should say that «she is my mother and sister instead of» as if proving the right to thepresence of women in a room where a man is a stranger.The wife may ask the guest about the affairs and the health of his wife and children, even to call him by name.However, men are not supposed to ask another man (if he is not a relative) of his wife or adult daughter.When entering into the interior of the house a guest should take his shoes off and proceed to the room. Afterexchanging greetings indispensable duty of courtesy to the host file is considered to be the house guest a cup of cof-fee or tea. Disclaimer guest of coffee or tea is offered by an owner or may be perceived as a manifestation of a lackof courtesy, as a sign of disrespect to an owner.When a table is replaced by the traditional food metal large round tray that is placed on the floor, carpeted ormats. Sometimes, the tray is placed on a special low wooden stand. A guest seats on a soft cloth on the floor.Before the meal and after the feast before the guests put a copper basin and watered their arms from a specialpitcher, and then dry them with a special towel. After this, the guests and host pray.According to  the  rules  of  etiquette,  a  host  opens  the  door  to  a  guest,  he  cannot  leave  the  room before  it  ismade by the guests. If an owner sits before his guest, or even to sit in the presence of a standing guest, he violatesetiquette. At the table, an owner also cannot begin the meal first [4].JapanDespite the fact that business cards have lost their relevance and importance in Japan, the situation is quitedifferent. Being at a business meeting in Japan, it is necessary to take business cards, written in both English andJapanese.  Presenting  a  business  card  –  is  a  special  ritual  in  Japan.  Remember:  you  should  take  a  card  with  bothhands, and pass up the side where the information is given in Japanese. When you are handed a business card, youshould take it with both hands and thank. Everything else on the business card is in any case cannot be anything towrite down or pull it during the meeting [3].107References1. Meyer Er. The Culture Map: Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business – Engels: The Perseus BooksGroup, 2014. – 288 p.2. ?????????????????. ??????????? ???: ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? // ???????? ?????? BBC. 2014. URL:http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/business/2014/11/141030_vert_cap_talk_shock (??????????????: 21.04.2015).3. iTrex. ?????????????? [????]. 2015. URL: http://itrex.ru (??????????????: 21.04.2015).4. ??????????????????????????????????????? [????]. 2011. URL: http://obsheniedel.ru (??????????????: 21.04.2015).Scientific adviser N. Y. Gutareva, PhD in Methods of TFL, Associate Professor of TPUShulga D. K., studentNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityE-mail: shulgadm@yandex.ruStasenko N. I., studentNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityE-mail: lukoiltpu@mail.ru????????. ?., ????????? . ?.???????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????: ?? ????, ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????, ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.??????????????: ???????????????, ?????????????????????????????, ???????????????????????????????.????????. ?., ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????E-mail: shulgadm@yandex.ru??????????. ?., ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????E-mail: lukoiltpu@mail.ruKorovkin P. I., Cherenev S. S.FUNERAL ETIQUETTE TRADITIONS OF PEOPLE OF THE WORLDNowadays many people forget about traditions of their nation. However, traditions play a very important role in a per-son's life. There are many traditions, such as ethnical, national and social, which include many other traditions. The purpose ofthis study is to examine the features of the funeral etiquette traditions of people of the world and get some idea about their rituals.Keywords: kaymyo, clothing, funeral.Orthodox funeralIn Orthodoxy deceased are necessarily washed, then dressed in clean, white clothes which haven't been worn.These clothes represent spiritual purity. Clothing should fit perfectly, it should not be too small or too large. The de-ceased were placed on the bench with their head heading towards the red corner that is to the east and were coveredwith a white shroud (canvas). Dead man's hand were folded on his chest, put a crucifix in his left hand, and put anicon on his chest.After the death every night the Psalms and special prayers for the dead are continuously read. Near the tomblocal old men and women are constantly on duty. Funeral committed themselves on the third day. Especially revereddead were carried to the cemetery on arms.Establishing a monument at the grave is not accepted in Orthodoxy as it's a Catholic custom. However, if itshows the Orthodox cross, then setting tombstones is not prohibited.Burial in IslamAs stated in the Qur'an, «no one person was given eternal life» (al-Anbiya, 34), «Every soul shall taste death»(al-Anbiya, 35), «But Allah will not postpone any soul, will come as soon as certain for it (the soul) term. Allahknows your deeds and will reward you for it» (al-munafiqun, 11).Above the living Muslim who is about to go into another world, special ceremonies are committed. Funeralrites in Islam are so complex, that they are produced in the presence of the clergy. Despite the complexity, of all therituals must be observed, because it is the duty of every Muslim.

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