Improvement of Technology of Thermal Insulation of Buildings

Актуальность исследований обусловлена тем, что в настоящее время современные нормы сбережения тепловой энергии и теплозащиты зданий ориентированы на применение весьма ограниченного набора решений по снижению энергетического потребления, не всегда отвечающих конкретным условиям строительства и зачастую весьма дорогостоящих. Предложена методика исследования эффективного утепления ограждающих конструкций стен зданий, учитывающая взаимосвязь конструктивных, теплотехнических, режимных параметров и экономических показателей. Целью является определение оптимального значения толщины утепления теплоизоляционным материалом объекта с учетом отпускаемой ему тепловой энергии. В проведенном исследовании использовались методы математического моделирования теплообмена, оптимизационной задачи. Представлено экспериментальное исследование, показывающее возможность применения методики технико-экономической оптимизации тепловой изоляции ограждающих конструкций стен здания. Результатом исследования является снижение расходов тепловых потерь через ограждающие конструкции и электрической энергии на регулирование системы «отопление, вентиляция и кондиционирование». Проведенные исследования свидетельствуют о целесообразности использования предложенных разработок, способствующих определению оптимальной толщины утепления теплоизоляционным материалом стен объектов, нахождению минимальных приведенных затрат, выгодному выбору способа регулирования отпускаемой тепловой энергииThe relevance of research is due to the fact that at present, modern standards for saving thermal energy and thermal protection of buildings are focused on the use of a very limited set of solutions to reduce energy consumption, which do not always meet the specific conditions of construction and are often very expensive. A technique for studying the effective insulation of building envelopes is proposed, taking into account the relationship between structural, heat engineering, regime parameters and economic indicators. The goal is to determine the optimal value of the thickness of insulation by the heat-insulating material of the object, taking into account the thermal energy supplied to it. In the study, methods of mathematical modeling of heat transfer, an optimization problem were used. An experimental study is presented, showing the possibility of applying the technique of technical and economic optimization of thermal insulation of building envelopes. The result of the study is to reduce the cost of heat losses through building envelopes and electrical energy for the regulation of the “heating, ventilation and air conditioning” system. The conducted studies testify to the expediency of using the proposed developments, which contribute to determining the optimal thickness of insulation with heatinsulating material of the walls of objects, finding the minimum reduced costs, and an advantageous choice of a method for regulating the supplied thermal energ

Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the most widely ranging lizard: testing the effects of reproductive mode and climate

Reproductive mode, ancestry, and climate are hypothesized to determine body size variation in reptiles but their effects have rarely been estimated simultaneously, especially at the intraspecific level. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occupies almost the entire Northern Eurasia and includes viviparous and oviparous lineages, thus representing an excellent model for such studies. Using body length data for >10,000 individuals from 72 geographically distinct populations over the species' range, we analyzed how sex‐specific adult body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with reproductive mode, lineage identity, and several climatic variables. Variation in male size was low and poorly explained by our predictors. In contrast, female size and SSD varied considerably, demonstrating significant effects of reproductive mode and particularly seasonality. Populations of the western oviparous lineage (northern Spain, south‐western France) exhibited a smaller female size and less female‐biased SSD than those of the western viviparous (France to Eastern Europe) and the eastern viviparous (Eastern Europe to Far East) lineages; this pattern persisted even after controlling for climatic effects. The phenotypic response to seasonality was complex: across the lineages, as well as within the eastern viviparous lineage, female size and SSD increase with increasing seasonality, whereas the western viviparous lineage followed the opposing trends. Altogether, viviparous populations seem to follow a saw‐tooth geographic cline, which might reflect the nonmonotonic relationship of body size at maturity in females with the length of activity season. This relationship is predicted to arise in perennial ectotherms as a response to environmental constraints caused by seasonality of growth and reproduction. The SSD allometry followed the converse of Rensch's rule, a rare pattern for amniotes. Our results provide the first evidence of opposing body size—climate relationships in intraspecific units

Terahertz emission induced by optical beating in nanometer-length field-effect transistors

International audienceWe report on photo-induced terahertz radiation with a high spectral purity generated by a submicron sized InGaAs-based high-electron-mobility transistor. The emission peak is due to the electron-hole pairs photocreated in the transistor channel at the frequency of the beating of two cw- laser sources. The radiation frequency corresponds to the lowest fundamental plasma mode in the gated region of the transistor channel. The observed high emission quality factor at 200K is interpreted as a result of stream-plasma instability in the two-dimensional electron gas whose appearance is emphasized by the reduction of the velocity relaxation rate with the temperature

Extremely Polysubstituted Magnetic Material Based on Magnetoplumbite with a Hexagonal Structure: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, Prospects

Crystalline high-entropy single-phase products with a magnetoplumbite structure with grains in the μm range were obtained using solid-state sintering. The synthesis temperature was up to 1400 °C. The morphology, chemical composition, crystal structure, magnetic, and electrodynamic properties were studied and compared with pure barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 matrix. The polysubstituted high-entropy single-phase product contains five doping elements at a high concentration level. According to the EDX data, the new compound has a formula of Ba(Fe6Ga1.25In1.17Ti1.21Cr1.22Co1.15)O19. The calculated cell parameter values were a = 5.9253(5) Å, c = 23.5257(22) Å, and V = 715.32(9) Å3. The increase in the unit cell for the substituted sample was expected due to the different ionic radius of Ti/In/Ga/Cr/Co compared with Fe3+. The electrodynamic measurements were performed. The dielectric and magnetic permeabilities were stable in the frequency range from 2 to 12 GHz. In this frequency range, the dielectric and magnetic losses were −0.2/0.2. Due to these electrodynamic parameters, this material can be used in the design of microwave strip devices