Z dziejów emigracji zarobkowej: agenci emigracyjni na ziemiach polskich przed 1914 r.

Masowa emigracja zarobkowa z ziem polskich przed 1914 r. wywołała żywe dyskusje. Wzbudziła obawy o przyszłość narodu. Winę za spowodowanie tego zjawiska i jego narastanie przypisano m.in. agentom emigracyjnym, czyli pośrednikom sprzedającym bilety na okręty do Ameryki. Wiele przestępstw i nadużyć, które były nagłaśniane w prasie, potwierdzały ten stereotyp. W niniejszej pracy został on poddany analizie i zestawiony z opiniami samych emigrantów. W pracy podjęto również próbę rekonstrukcji i opisu kontekstu społecznego, struktur, zależności i metod działania składających się na pracę agentów emigracyjnych. Zarysowano także problem znaczenia działalności agentów dla emigracji w poszczególnych jej fazach w porównaniu z tym, jaką rolę odgrywały inne czynniki.Michał Starczewsk

Otwarta nauka w Polsce 2014: diagnoza

S\u142owa kluczowe: otwarta nauka w Polsce, repozytoria, czasopisma naukowe, open access, komunikacja naukow

The mass-period distribution of close-in exoplanets

The lower limit to the distribution of orbital periods P for the current population of close-in exoplanets shows a distinctive discontinuity located at approximately one Jovian mass. Most smaller planets have orbital periods longer than P~2.5 days, while higher masses are found down to P~1 day. We analyze whether this observed mass-period distribution could be explained in terms of the combined effects of stellar tides and the interactions of planets with an inner cavity in the gaseous disk. We performed a series of hydrodynamical simulations of the evolution of single-planet systems in a gaseous disk with an inner cavity mimicking the inner boundary of the disk. The subsequent tidal evolution is analyzed assuming that orbital eccentricities are small and stellar tides are dominant. We find that most of the close-in exoplanet population is consistent with an inner edge of the protoplanetary disk being located at approximately P>2 days for solar-type stars, in addition to orbital decay having been caused by stellar tides with a specific tidal parameter on the order of Q'*=10^7. The data is broadly consistent with planets more massive than one Jupiter mass undergoing type II migration, crossing the gap, and finally halting at the interior 2/1 mean-motion resonance with the disk edge. Smaller planets do not open a gap in the disk and remain trapped in the cavity edge. CoRoT-7b appears detached from the remaining exoplanet population, apparently requiring additional evolutionary effects to explain its current mass and semimajor axis.Comment: 8 Pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Immunoexpression of aromatase cytochrome P450 and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in women’s ovaries after menopause

BACKGROUND: Menopause results in a lack of regular menstrual cycles, leading to the reduction of estrogen production. On the other hand, ovarian androgen synthesis is still present at reduced levels and requires expression of several steroidogenic enzymes. METHODS: This study was performed on 104 postmenopausal women hospitalized due to uterine leiomyomas, endometriosis, and/or a prolapsed uterus. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the time from menopause. Group A patients experienced menopause 1–5 years before enrollment in the study (42 women). Group B included women who had their last menstruation 5–10 years before the study (40 women). Group C consisted of 22 women who were more than 10 years past menopause. Hysterectomy or removal of the uterine corpus with adnexa was performed during laparotomy. We evaluated the expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP 19) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β HSD) by employing immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Activity of 17β-HSD and CYP19 was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of stromal cells of postmenopausal ovaries, epithelium cells coating the ovaries, vascular endothelial cells, and epithelial inclusion cysts. However, overall expression of both 17β-HSD and CYP 19 decreased with time after menopause. CONCLUSION: Demonstration of the activity of the key enzymes of ovarian steroidogenesis, CYP 19 and 17β-HSD, confirms steroidogenic activity in the ovaries of postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, ovarian steroidogenic activity decreases with time, and its significant decrease occurs 10 years after menopause

Remarks on the impact of the adopted scale on the priority estimation quality

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is the method that supports people’s decisions in the multi-criteria decision making problems. In this method the decision process is based on pairwise comparing of every two possible alternatives. The decision maker (DM) compares alternatives by choosing an appropriate “linguistic phrase” or a number from a proper set. This set of “linguistic phrases” and/or the numbers connected with them are referred to as the priority scale. There are several different scales that are described in literature and used in AHP practice. In dependence of the scale chosen by the DM, the final decisions might differ. In the AHP it is assumed that DMs make mistakes over comparing pairs of alternatives, but it was also observed that the assumed scale increases these errors as well. In our paper, we investigate the impact of the adopted scale to the number and magnitude of errors in the final decision. Our results show that the choice of the scale has a big impact on the final decision, so it is crucial part of AHP. It turns out that scales with bigger resource of options result in better evaluations of priority vectors