113 research outputs found
Chemical Recycling of Mixed Plastic Wastes by Pyrolysis - Pilot Scale Investigations
Chemical recycling of plastic wastes can be a useful complement to mechanical recycling to achieve the required plastics
recycling rates and to establish a circular economy that is climate neutral and resource-efficient. Different mixed plastic
wastes that are subject to future recycling efforts are studied under uniform conditions of intermediate pyrolysis characterized
by a medium heating rate and pyrolysis temperature. Product distributions and selected product properties are determined,
and process mass and energy balances are derived. Product yields and compositions are highly dependent on the
waste pyrolyzed. The results show that pyrolysis is a suitable process to recover chemical feedstock from various complex
mixed plastic wastes
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ "ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²-ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·-Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ". Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ "ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ - ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·", Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ
Chemical Conversion of Fischer-Tropsch Waxes and Plastic Waste Pyrolysis Condensate to Lubricating Oil and Potential Steam Cracker Feedstock
The global economy and its production chains must move away from petroleum-based products, to achieve this goal, alternative carbon feedstocks need to be established. One area of concern is sustainable production of synthetic lubricants. A lubricating oil can be described as a high boiling point (>340 β¦C) liquid with solidification at least below room temperature. Historically, many lubricants have been produced from petroleum waxes via solvent or catalytic dewaxing. In this study, catalytic dewaxing was applied to potential climate neutral feedstocks. One lubricant was produced via FischerβTropsch (FT) synthesis and the other lubricant resulted from low temperature
pyrolysis of agricultural waste plastics. The waxes were chosen because they each represented a sustainable alternative towards petroleum, i.e., FT waxes are contrivable from biomass and CO2 by means of gasification and Power-to-X technology. The pyrolysis of plastic is a promising process to complement existing recycling processes and to reduce environmental pollution. Changes in cloud point, viscosity, and yield were investigated. A bifunctional zeolite catalyst (SAPO-11) loaded with 0.3 wt% platinum was used. The plastic waste lubricants showed lower cloud points and increased temperature stability as compared with lubricants from FT waxes. There was a special focus on the
composition of the naphtha, which accumulated during cracking. While the plastic waste produced higher amounts of naphtha, its composition was quite similar to those from FT waxes, with the notable exception of a higher naphthene content
An assessment of fluidized bed dynamics with CPFD simulations
The computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) method has been used to simulate a laboratory-scale fluidized bed, which has been designed for plastic pyrolysis. The simulations have been performed under cold-mode condition, where only the fluidization of sand particles is considered. The objective of the work is to gain an in-depth understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluidized bed, which is of particular importance with regard to an efficient mixing and heating of the bed materials as well as the final product yield. The focus of the work is assessing the dynamic behavior of the fluidized bed in terms of the total kinetic energy of all sand particles KS and the bubble frequency fB. For validation of the numerical approach, the calculated pressure drop Ξp shows good agreement with measured data. In accordance with measurement and theoretical analysis, Ξp increases with the bed inventory mS and remains nearly constant with the bulk gas flow velocity uG. It has been shown that KS increases with uG, which is due to the increased gas flow momentum flux with uG, leading to a reinforced gas-to-solid momentum exchange. The same behavior has been found for the influence of the sand particle mass mS on KS, where KS increases with mS. uG has been found to have a subordinate effect on fB, whereas fB decreases with mS.
An increase in the gas temperature TG has led to a decreased KS, while the bed height hB and Ξp remain nearly constant. This is due to the decreased density or momentum flux of the gas flow at higher TG. While up-scaling the fluidized bed, KS and fB have found to be strongly increased, whereas uG, Ξp and hB were kept constant. The results reveal that it is not sufficient to use solely the general βstaticβ parameters, i.e., hB and Ξp, for characterizing hydrodynamic properties of a fluidized bed. In this case, KS and fB represent measures for the available kinetic energy and its fluctuation frequency of the whole fluidized bed system, which are more suitable for assessing the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluidized bed under up-scaled and elevated temperature conditions
Thermal treatment of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Part 2: Energy recovery and feedstock recycling)
The use of carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced plastics has grown significantly in recent years, and new areas of application have been and are being developed. As a result, the amount of non-recyclable waste containing CF is also rising. There are currently no treatment methods for this type of waste. Within this project different approaches for the treatment of waste containing CF were investigated. Main subject of the research project were large-scale investigations on treatment possibilities and limits of waste containing CF in high temperature processes, with focus on the investigation of process-specific residues and possible fibre emission. The results showed that the two conventional thermal waste treatment concepts with grate and rotary kiln firing systems are not suitable for a complete oxidation of CFs due to the insufficient process conditions (temperature and dwell time). The CFs were mainly discharged via the bottom ash/slag. Due to the partial decomposition during thermal treatment, World Health Organization (WHO) fibres occurred in low concentrations. The tests run in the cement kiln plant have shown the necessity of comminution for waste containing CF. With respect to the short testing times and moderate quantities of inserted CF, a final evaluation of the suitability of this disposal path was not possible. The use of specially processed waste containing CF (carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) pellets) as a carbon substitute in calcium carbide production led to high carbon conversion rates. In the unburned furnace dust, which is marketed as a by-product of the process, CFs in relevant quantities could be detected
Effects of variable, ice-ocean surface properties and air mass transformation on the Arctic radiative energy budget
Low-level airborne observations of the Arctic surface radiative energy budget are discussed. We focus on the terrestrial part of the budget, quantified by the thermal-infrared net irradiance (TNI). The data have been collected in cloudy and cloud-free conditions over and in the vicinity of the marginal sea ice zone (MIZ) close to Svalbard during two aircraft campaigns in spring of 2019 and in early summer of 2017. The measurements, complemented by ground-based observations available from the literature and radiative transfer simulations, are used to evaluate the influence of surface type (sea ice, open ocean, MIZ), seasonal characteristics, and synoptically driven meridional air mass transports into and out of the Arctic on the near-surface TNI. The analysis reveals a typical four-mode structure of the frequency distribution of the TNI as a function of surface albedo, sea ice fraction, and surface brightness temperature. Two modes prevail over sea ice and another two over open ocean, each representing cloud-free and cloudy radiative states. Characteristic shifts and modifications of the TNI modes during the transition from winter towards early spring and summer conditions are discussed. Furthermore, the influence of warm air intrusions (WAIs) and marine cold air outbreaks (MCAOs) on the near-surface downward thermal-infrared irradiances and the TNI is highlighted for several case studies. It is concluded that during WAIs the surface warming depends on cloud properties and evolution. Lifted clouds embedded in warmer air masses over a colder sea ice surface, decoupled from the ground by a surface-based temperature inversion, have the potential to warm the surface more strongly than near-surface fog or thin low-level boundary layer clouds, because of a higher cloud base temperature. For MCAOs it is found that the thermodynamic profile of the southward moving air mass adapts only slowly to the warmer ocean surface.</p
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