Fatores de risco e incidencia da infecção do trato urinario relacionada a cateterização vesical

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias da SaudeAnálise dos fatores de risco e incidência da infecção do trato urinário relacionada ao cateter vesical de demora, através de estudo observacional de coorte contemporânea no Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), em Florianópolis - SC. A incidência de 11,0% reflete controle dos fatores de risco alteráveis, mas o risco de infecção aumenta com a duração da cateterização

Raciocínio clínico no diagnóstico médico

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de ProduçãoEsse estudo teve como objetivo identificar o processo de raciocínio clínico na elaboração de hipóteses diagnósticas, contextualizado a um tema protótipo em Clínica Médica (CM), tendo como pressuposto que a estratégia hipotético-dedutiva é a base do raciocínio clínico e a esquema-indutiva e o reconhecimento de um padrão são estratégias auxiliares ou combinadas. O delineamento foi transversal, com base epistemológica qualitativa, com amostra não-probabilística do tipo intencional. Foi realizado no Hospital Universitário, da UFSC, em Florianópolis - SC, com 30 médicos-professores de um Departamento de Ensino em CM, que exercem ou exerceram atividade clínica por mais de 5 anos. A construção de protótipos em CM pelos participantes permitiu selecionar um caso clínico real, que foi o estímulo para a aplicação da técnica "think aloud" ou "pensando em voz alta". O texto obtido do processo de raciocínio clínico com a verbalização dos participantes foi gravado, transcrito e analisado com a aplicação da técnica de análise temática, do método de análise de conteúdo; para o perfil profissional foi aplicado um questionário estruturado. A estratégia de raciocínio mais freqüente foi a hipotético-dedutiva (HD) (47% (72/153)), com a mesma freqüência para a esquema-indutiva (E-I) (15,6% (24/153)) e o reconhecimento de um padrão (RP) (15,6%(24/153)), seguida pela mista E-I (E-I + HD) e mista RP (RP + HD) (respectivamente, 11,7% (18/153) e 9,8% (15/153), ao estabelecerem 153 hipóteses dentro de 31 tipos distintos. Concomitantemente, foram criados 356 eixos semânticos inseridos em 135 tipos, e os dados processados com 515 interpretações e 290 combinações. O perfil geral da amostra mostrou expressivo tempo de exercício na atividade clínica (27,3 anos) e na docência (24,4 anos), com uma média de especialização latu sensu de 2,3/participante, e mais da metade (53% (16/30) com strictu sensu. Os médicos-professores têm conhecimento formal e tácito diferenciado, com organização e conteúdo, utilizando múltiplas e combinadas estratégias no processo de raciocínio clínico, no qual a estratégia HD é a base. The objective of this study is to identify the clinical reasoning process in the elaboration of the diagnoses hypothesis, inserted in a prototype subject in Medical Clinic (MC), having as presupposition that the hypothetic deductive strategy, is the base of the clinical reasoning, and the inductive-scheme and the pattern recognition are auxiliaries or combined strategies. The outline was cross-sectional, with epistemological qualitative basis, using non-probabilistic sample of intentional type. This research was done in the Hospital from Santa Catarina Federal University, in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina State, with thirty teachers from the Medical Clinic (MC) Teaching Department, which perform or performed the clinical activity for more than five years. The prototype definition in MC by the participants, allow selecting a real clinical case, which was stimulated to apply a think aloud technique. The text gathered from the clinical reasoning process with the participant's verbal stimulation was taped, transcribed and analysed with the application of the thematic analysis technique, this analysis used the content analysis method, for the professional profile was applied a structured questionnaire. The more frequent reasoning strategy was hypothetic-deductive (HD) (47% (72/153)), the inductive-scheme (IE) (15.6% (24/153)) and the recognition of a standard (RS) (15.6% (24/153)) have the same frequency, followed by the mixed IE (IE + HD) and the mixed RS (RS + HD), (respectively, 11.7% (18/153) and 9.8% (15/153)), which established 153 hypothesis into 31 different types. At the same time, was created 356 semantic axis into 135 types, and these dates were processed with 515 interpretations and 290 combinations. The sample general profile showed an expressive time of the clinical activity experience (27.3 years) and in the medical teaching (24.4 years), with a latu sensu specialization average of the 2.3 years/ participant, and more than a half (53%) with strictu sensu. The doctors-teachers as formal and tacit knowledge, with the organization and content, using multiple and combined strategies in the clinical reasoning process, in which the HD strategy is the basis

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e microalbuminúria

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de microalbuminúria e de lesões em órgãos-alvo e sua associação, em uma população de hipertensos em tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no período de abril a agosto de 2006, com 153 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, atendidos no Ambulatório de Clínica Médica e de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universitário na Região Sul do Brasil. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de microalbuminúria foi de 13,7% (21/153), sendo os grupos com e sem microalbuminúria semelhantes quanto às características demográficas e clínicas. A prevalência de lesões em órgãos-alvo foi de 48,4%, com predomínio de lesões cardíacas. As lesões em órgãos-alvo foram mais freqüentes no grupo com microalbuminúria [76,2% (16/21) versus 43,9% (58/132)], com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,006). Isso também foi observado nas lesões cardíacas, tanto na população total (p=0,003) quanto no grupo geriátrico (p=0,006). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de microalbuminúria na população estudada é de 13,7% e a de lesões em órgãos-alvo é de 48,4%, havendo associação estatisticamente significante. A microalbuminúria também está associada a lesões cardíacas, inclusive na população geriátrica

The Process of Clinical Reasoning among Medical Students

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research in the field of medical reasoning has shed light on the reasoning process used by medical students. The strategies in this process are related to the analytical [hypothetical-deductive (HD)] and nonanalytic [scheme-inductive) (SI)] systems, and pattern recognition (PR)]. Objective: To explore the clinical reasoning process of students from the fifth year of medical school at the end of the clinical cycle of medical internship, and to identify the strategies used in preparing diagnostic hypotheses, knowledge organization and content. Method: Qualitative research conducted in 2014 at a Brazilian public university with medical interns. Following Stamm's method, a case in internal medicine (IM) was built based on the theory of prototypes (Group 1 = 47 interns), in which the interns listed, according to their own perceptions, the signs, symptoms, syndromes, and diseases typical of internal medicine. This case was used for evaluating the clinical reasoning process of Group 2 (30 students = simple random sample) obtained with the "think aloud" process. The verbalizations were transcribed and evaluated by Bardin's thematic analysis. The content analysis were approved by two experts at the beginning and at the end of the analysis process. Results: The interns developed 164 primary and secondary hypotheses when solving the case. The SI strategy prevailed with 48.8%, followed by PR (35.4%), HD (12.2%), and mixed (1.8 % each: SI + HD and HD + PR). The students built 146 distinct semantic axes, resulting in an average of 4.8/ participant. During the analysis, 438 interpretation processes were executed (average of 14.6/participant), and 124 combination processes (average of 4.1/participant). Conclusions: The nonanalytic strategies prevailed with the PR being the most used in the development of primary hypotheses (46.8%) and the SI in secondary hypotheses (93%). The interns showed a strong semantic network and did three and a half times more interpretation than combination processes, reflecting less deep organization and content of knowledge when compared with experienced physicians

The Process of Clinical Reasoning among Medical Students

<div><p>ABSTRACT Introduction: Research in the field of medical reasoning has shed light on the reasoning process used by medical students. The strategies in this process are related to the analytical [hypothetical-deductive (HD)] and nonanalytic [scheme-inductive) (SI)] systems, and pattern recognition (PR)]. Objective: To explore the clinical reasoning process of students from the fifth year of medical school at the end of the clinical cycle of medical internship, and to identify the strategies used in preparing diagnostic hypotheses, knowledge organization and content. Method: Qualitative research conducted in 2014 at a Brazilian public university with medical interns. Following Stamm's method, a case in internal medicine (IM) was built based on the theory of prototypes (Group 1 = 47 interns), in which the interns listed, according to their own perceptions, the signs, symptoms, syndromes, and diseases typical of internal medicine. This case was used for evaluating the clinical reasoning process of Group 2 (30 students = simple random sample) obtained with the "think aloud" process. The verbalizations were transcribed and evaluated by Bardin's thematic analysis. The content analysis were approved by two experts at the beginning and at the end of the analysis process. Results: The interns developed 164 primary and secondary hypotheses when solving the case. The SI strategy prevailed with 48.8%, followed by PR (35.4%), HD (12.2%), and mixed (1.8 % each: SI + HD and HD + PR). The students built 146 distinct semantic axes, resulting in an average of 4.8/ participant. During the analysis, 438 interpretation processes were executed (average of 14.6/participant), and 124 combination processes (average of 4.1/participant). Conclusions: The nonanalytic strategies prevailed with the PR being the most used in the development of primary hypotheses (46.8%) and the SI in secondary hypotheses (93%). The interns showed a strong semantic network and did three and a half times more interpretation than combination processes, reflecting less deep organization and content of knowledge when compared with experienced physicians.</p></div