Hypopituitarism and brain injury: recent advances in screening and management

This review gives an overview of the research on hypothalamopituitary dysfunction as a potential consequence of traumatic brain injury, including the natural history of this complication and its clinical and public health implications

Expression and Function of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Components in Pituitary Adenomas: Evidence for a Direct Role in Hormone Secretion and Cell Proliferation

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Decision making processes for data sharing: a framework for data trusts

Introduction: while there is as yet no agreed definition of a data trust [1], it can be generally understood as a legal, technical and organisational structure for enabling the sharing of data. In a data trust context, trustees act on behalf of beneficiaries and trustors [2] and hence must rigorously interrogate the benefits and risks of data sharing to decide access. The authors have experience in implementing a data-sharing decision process in the Horizon2020 Data Pitch project and in the Interreg 2Seas Smart City Innovation Framework Implementation project, from which we derive these insights as to the elements that comprise robust approval.Requirement for decision-making processes: unlike open data, which has minimal restrictions on use, shared data is often linked to terms and conditions, with which the purpose of use must comply. A governance process must be established to decide who gets access to the data and why. Preliminary Framework: we have modelled an initial framework that identifies key considerations in the data sharing process. A combination of rights/consents and potential uses defines the space of possible uses of the data [3], which directs related action. Understanding this space and the best way to explore it is the cornerstone of the framework, as it protects the data, data subjects (if any), the data holders, the beneficiaries and the trustees. However, it is vital to further consider several dimensions that will impact the process: how benefit is measured; how eligibility of users is assessed; how the period of time for which the data is shared is decided (and how the end of the period is managed); how the process is made transparent and, finally, how issues such as preserving purpose over time and reducing movement of data can be incorporated. CCS CONCEPTS • H.3.5 Online Information Services – Data Sharing KEYWORDSData sharing, Data trusts, Decision-making processesACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732506. REFERENCES[1]J. Hardinges, (2018). What is a Daa Trust?https://theodi.org/article/what-is-a-data-trust/[2]K. O’Hara, (2019) Data Trusts: Ethics, Architecture and Governance for Trustworthy Data Stewardship. Web Science Institute White Paper #1[3]S. Stalla Bourdillon and A. Knight. (2017) Legal and Privacy Toolkit v.1.0http://www.datapitch.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PUBLIC-LEGAL-AND-PRIVACY-TOOLKIT-VERSION-1.0-DELIVERABLE-8.1-FINAL-30-JUNE-2017.pdf Price:$15.00<br/

Data protection by design: building the foundations of trustworthy data sharing

Data trusts have been conceived as a mechanism to enable the sharing of data across entities where other formats, such as open data or commercial agreements, are not appropriate, and make data sharing both easier and more scalable. Although the form and purposes of data trusts are currently a topic of much academic discussion, a broadly accepted definition has not yet emerged. The concept of the ‘data trust’ requires further disambiguation from other facilitating structures such as data collaboratives. Irrespective of the terminology used, attempting to create trust in order to facilitate data sharing, and create benefit to individuals, groups of individuals, or society at large, requires at a minimum a process-based mechanism, i.e. a workflow, that should have a trustworthiness-by-design approach at its core. Data protection by design (DPbD) should be a key component of such an approach

Data protection by design: building the foundations of trustworthy data sharing

Data trusts have been conceived as a mechanism to enable the sharing of data across entities where other formats, such as open data or commercial agreements, are not appropriate, and make data sharing both easier and more scalable. By our definition, a data trust is a legal, technical and organisational structure for enabling the sharing of data for a variety of purposes. Data trusts, as well as related structures such as data collaboratives, which attempt to create trust in order to facilitate data sharing, and create benefit to individuals, groups of individuals, or society at large, require at a minimum a process-based mechanism, i.e. a workflow, that should have a trustworthiness-by-design approach at its core. Data protection by design (DPbD) should be a key component of such an approach

Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing syndrome

Cushing syndrome is caused by an excess of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by neuroendocrine tumors, which subsequently results in chronic glucocorticoid excess. We found that retinoic acid inhibits the transcriptional activity of AP-1 and the orphan receptors Nur77 and Nurr1 in ACTH-secreting tumor cells. Retinoic acid treatment resulted in reduced pro-opiomelanocortin transcription and ACTH production. ACTH inhibition was also observed in human pituitary ACTH-secreting tumor cells and a small-cell lung cancer cell line, but not in normal cells. This correlated with the expression of the orphan receptor COUP-TFI, which was found in normal corticotrophs but not in pituitary Cushing tumors. COUP-TFI expression in ACTH-secreting tumor cells blocked retinoic acid action. Retinoic acid also inhibited cell proliferation and, after prolonged treatment, increased caspase-3 activity and induced cell death in ACTH-secreting cells. In adrenal cortex cells, retinoic acid inhibited corticosterone production and cell proliferation. The antiproliferative action and the inhibition of ACTH and corticosterone produced by retinoic acid were confirmed in vivo in experimental ACTH-secreting tumors in nude mice. Thus, we conclude that the effects of retinoic acid combine in vivo to reverse the endocrine alterations and symptoms observed in experimental Cushing syndrome