High-valuable functional compounds from tomato by-products

Ekstrakcijom heksanom, a zatim 80% etanolom predhodno pripremljenog tropa od IZ odabranih genotipova Bačka, Knjaz, Novosadski niski, O2, Rutgers i Saint Pierre paradajza, dobijeni su heksanski i etanolni ekstrakti tropa. Sadržaj karotenoida u heksanskim i polifenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i askorbinske kiseline u etanolnim ekstraktima određen je spektrofotometrijskim metodama. Identifikacija i kvantifikacija pojedinih karotenoida u heksanskim i polifenolnih jedinjenja u etanolnim ekstraktima tropa paradajza izvedena je HPLC analizom. U ostacima nakon ekstrakcija tropa paradajza određen je sadržaj prehrambenih vlakana. Spektrofotometrijskim testovima određena je antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH radikale i redukciona sposobnost dobijenih ekstrakata. ESR spektroskopijom ispitan je uticaj etanolnih ekstrakata na reaktivne hidroksil i superoksid anjon radikale. Pored toga, ispitana je i helirajuća sposobnost etanolnih ekstrakata. Antiradikalsko delovanje na DPPH radikale ostataka nakon ekstrakcija tropa paradajza radikale, takođe je utvrđeno. Ispitana je in vitro antiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri histološki različite humane ćelijske linije: MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke), HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa) i MRC-5 (fetalni fibroblastni karcinom pluća). Rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog sastava, antioksidativne i antiproliferativne aktivnosti ekstrakata, kao i ostataka nakon ekstracija tropa odabranih genotipova paradajza ukazuju na mogućnost iskorišćenja ovog sporednog proizvoda kao potencijalnog izvora prirodnih antioksidanata, koji bi našli primenu u prehrambenoj, farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji.Tomato pomaces obtained from selected tomato genotypes (Bačka, Knjaz, Novosadski niski, O2, Rutgers and Saint Pierre) were extracted sequentially with hexane and 80% ethanol. The content of carotenoids i hexane and total polyphenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in ethanolic extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods. Identification and quantification of individual carotenoids in hexane and polyphenolics in ethanolic extracts was determined by HPLC analysis. The content of dietary fiber was determined in the residues after extraction of tomato pomaces. The scavenging activity on DPPH radicals and reducing power of the obtained extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. The influence of ethanolic extracts on reactive hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In addition, the chelating ability of ethanolic extracts was investigated. Scavenging effect on DPPH radicals of the residue after extraction of tomato pomace, has also been established. Antiproliferative activity of investigated extracts was determined in vitro, testing their influence on the growth of three histologically different human cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervix epithelioid carcinoma) and MRC-5 (fetal lung). Based on the results of chemical analysis, significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the tomato waste extracts, as well as residues after extraction showed that tomato waste obtained from different tomato genotypes should be regarded as potential source of natural antioxidants, which can be used for various purposes in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry

High-valuable functional compounds from tomato by-products

Ekstrakcijom heksanom, a zatim 80% etanolom predhodno pripremljenog tropa od IZ odabranih genotipova Bačka, Knjaz, Novosadski niski, O2, Rutgers i Saint Pierre paradajza, dobijeni su heksanski i etanolni ekstrakti tropa. Sadržaj karotenoida u heksanskim i polifenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i askorbinske kiseline u etanolnim ekstraktima određen je spektrofotometrijskim metodama. Identifikacija i kvantifikacija pojedinih karotenoida u heksanskim i polifenolnih jedinjenja u etanolnim ekstraktima tropa paradajza izvedena je HPLC analizom. U ostacima nakon ekstrakcija tropa paradajza određen je sadržaj prehrambenih vlakana. Spektrofotometrijskim testovima određena je antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH radikale i redukciona sposobnost dobijenih ekstrakata. ESR spektroskopijom ispitan je uticaj etanolnih ekstrakata na reaktivne hidroksil i superoksid anjon radikale. Pored toga, ispitana je i helirajuća sposobnost etanolnih ekstrakata. Antiradikalsko delovanje na DPPH radikale ostataka nakon ekstrakcija tropa paradajza radikale, takođe je utvrđeno. Ispitana je in vitro antiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri histološki različite humane ćelijske linije: MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke), HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa) i MRC-5 (fetalni fibroblastni karcinom pluća). Rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog sastava, antioksidativne i antiproliferativne aktivnosti ekstrakata, kao i ostataka nakon ekstracija tropa odabranih genotipova paradajza ukazuju na mogućnost iskorišćenja ovog sporednog proizvoda kao potencijalnog izvora prirodnih antioksidanata, koji bi našli primenu u prehrambenoj, farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji.Tomato pomaces obtained from selected tomato genotypes (Bačka, Knjaz, Novosadski niski, O2, Rutgers and Saint Pierre) were extracted sequentially with hexane and 80% ethanol. The content of carotenoids i hexane and total polyphenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in ethanolic extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods. Identification and quantification of individual carotenoids in hexane and polyphenolics in ethanolic extracts was determined by HPLC analysis. The content of dietary fiber was determined in the residues after extraction of tomato pomaces. The scavenging activity on DPPH radicals and reducing power of the obtained extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. The influence of ethanolic extracts on reactive hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In addition, the chelating ability of ethanolic extracts was investigated. Scavenging effect on DPPH radicals of the residue after extraction of tomato pomace, has also been established. Antiproliferative activity of investigated extracts was determined in vitro, testing their influence on the growth of three histologically different human cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervix epithelioid carcinoma) and MRC-5 (fetal lung). Based on the results of chemical analysis, significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the tomato waste extracts, as well as residues after extraction showed that tomato waste obtained from different tomato genotypes should be regarded as potential source of natural antioxidants, which can be used for various purposes in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry

Influence of different combinations of wall materials on the encapsulation of butternut squash waste extract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of carrier agents (maltodextrin, inulin and pea protein) on the content of phenolics and carotenoids from butternut squash waste extract in encapsulates obtained by freeze-drying technique. Using Simplex-Centroid experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM), the highest content of both phenolics and carotenoids in the encapsulate was determined for a wall blend ratio 53.9 % pea protein, 46.1 % maltodextrin and 0% inulin

Encapsulation and Degradation Kinetics of Bioactive Compounds from Sweet Potato Peel During Storage

Pozadina istraživanja. Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila procijeniti mogućnost korištenja ljuske slatkog krumpira kao izvora bioaktivnih spojeva. Ispitan je utjecaj otapala (acetona i smjese acetona i etanola) na učinkovitost ekstrakcije ukupnih karotenoida i polifenola iz gomolja, mesa i ljuske slatkog krumpira. Ekstrakt ljuske slatkog krumpira isticao se dobrom antioksidativnom aktivnošću, pa je odabran za inkapsulaciju pomoću sušenja raspršivanjem i liofilizacije. Eksperimentalni pristup. Inkapsulacija je učinkovita metoda poboljšavanja stabilnosti fitokemikalija zadržavanjem aktivne komponente unutar nosača. U ovom su radu tehnike sušenja raspršivanjem i liofilizacijom upotrijebljene za poboljšanje stabilnosti bioaktivnih spojeva (karotenoida i polifenola), uz korištenje proteina sirutke kao nosača. Glavne prednosti primjenjenih metoda u odnosu na ostale tehnike inkapsulacije su jednostavnost, kontinuitet, efikasnost, dostupnost i primjenjivost. Rezultati i zaključci. Na osnovi rezultata fizičko-kemijske karakterizacije može se zaključiti da su tehnikom sušenja raspršivanjem dobivene čestice inkapsulata manjih dimenzija, s boljim svojstvima protočnosti i boljom učinkovitosti inkapsulacije karotenoida. Retencija inkapsuliranih i neinkapsuliranih bioaktivnih spojeva praćena je tijekom skladištenja na dnevnoj svjetlosti i u mraku. Uvjeti skladištenja utjecali su na retenciju karotenoida, dok je veća brzina degradacije karotenoida zamijećena u svim uzorcima skladištenim na dnevnoj svjetlosti. Fenolni spojevi imali su veću retenciju u svim ispitanim uzorcima. Kinetički parametri degradacije sugeriraju da je dulji rok trajanja inkapsuliranog ekstrakta postignut sušenjem raspršivanjem, te da je ta metoda dobra za stabilizaciju ispitanih bioaktivnih spojeva. Novina i znanstveni doprinos: Ovo istraživanje pokazuje da sušenje raspršivanjem i upotreba ljuske slatkog krumpira imaju velik potencijal za razvoj funkcionalnih dodataka hrani s poboljšanim hranjivim i bioakivnim svojstvima, te ljepšom bojom proizvoda.Research background. The aim of this work is to evaluate utilization of sweet potato peel as a source of bioactive compounds. The effect of solvents (acetone and acetone/ethanol mixture) on the extraction efficiency of total carotenoids and phenolics from sweet potato tuber, flesh and peel, and antioxidant activity were investigated. Sweet potato peel extract stood out in terms of antioxidant activity and was chosen for encapsulation by spray and freeze-drying. Experimental approach. Encapsulation is an effective method to improve phytochemical stability by entrapping the core material with a coating agent. In this study, spray and freeze-drying techniques were applied for improving the stability of bioactive compounds (carotenoids and phenolics) using whey protein as a coating material. The main advantages of the applied techniques over the other encapsulation techniques are simplicity, continuity, effectiveness, availability and applicability. Results and conclusions. Physicochemical characteristics revealed that spray drying resulted in the formation of lower size particles, better flow properties and encapsulation efficiency of carotenoids. The retention of encapsulated and non-encapsulated bioactive compounds was monitored during storage in daylight and dark conditions. Storage conditions affected the carotenoid retention, whereas higher degradation rate of all samples was observable in daylight. Phenolic compounds exhibited higher retention in all investigated samples. Degradation kinetic parameters suggest the longer shelf life of spray dried encapsulated extract and potent method for stabilization of bioactive ingredients. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study demonstrates that the spray drying technique and utilization of sweet potato peel have a big potential for the development of functional additives with improved nutritional, colour and bioactive properties

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of berry fruits

The main chemical composition, contents of total phenolic (TPh), total flavonoid (TF), and total monomeric anthocyianin (TMA), as well as the antioxidant activity of two raspberry cultivars (Meeker and Willamette), two blackberry cultivars (Čačanska bestrna and Thornfree) and wild bilberry were studied. The raspberry cultivars had the highest total solids among fruits investigated. Bilberry fruits had the highest sugar-to-acid ratio. Blackberry fruits were richer in crude fibers (cellulose) in comparison to raspberry and bilberry fruits. The content of pectic substances was highest in the bilberry. Also, bilberry had a highest content of TPh (808.12 mg GAE/100 g FW), TF (716.31 mg RE/100 g FW) and TMA (447.83 mg CGE/100 g FW). The antioxidant activity was evaluated spectrophotometrically, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity, expressed as the EC50 value (in mg of fresh weight of berry fruit per ml of the reaction mixture), of bilberry (0.3157 ± 0.0145 mg/ml) was the highest. These results also showed that the antioxidant value of 100 g FW bilberry, raspberry - Willamette, raspberry - Meeker, blackberry - Čačanska bestrna and blackberry - Thornfree is equivalent to 576.50 mg, 282.74 mg, 191.58 mg, 222.28 mg and 272.01 mg of vitamin C, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the antioxidant activities and content of total phenolics (RTPh 2=0.9627), flavonoids (RTF 2=0.9598) and anthocyanins (RTMA 2=0.9496) in berry fruits. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31044

Assessment of phytochemical content and bioactivities of quince alcohol distillery waste

The processing of fruits results in high amounts of waste materials without having any significant commercial values. Fruit wastes represent an important source of phytochemicals with human health benefits, so isolation and further utilization of these compounds is an important issue in agro-industrial waste management. New aspects concerning the use of these wastes for the production of food additives or supplements with high nutritional value have gained increasing interest because these are economically attractive and high-value products. This study discusses the potential of the quince waste, which remains after alcoholic distillation, as a source of bioactive phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids). Antioxidant activities were measured by scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, β-carotene bleaching assay and reducing power. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by protein denaturation assay. Quince waste extract expressed good concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR 31044

Accelerated solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from carrot: Optimization of response surface methodology

Carrot is considered to be rich in bioactive antioxidants, both lipophilic (carotenoids) and hydrophilic (phenolic compounds). In the present study, the conditions for accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of bioactive compounds from carrots (Daucus carota L.) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Box–Behnken design was employed for the experimental design to obtain the optimized combination of extraction temperature, time, and number of extraction cycles. Total carotenoid content (TCar), total polyphenol content (TPh), free radical scavenging activity (SA) and reducing power (RP) of the obtained extracts were used as responses for the optimization. Considering the four quality indicators, the ideal extraction conditions were found to be: 120 °C, 60 min and three extraction cycles. Under these conditions, predicted values of 28.84 mg β-carotene/100 g for TCar; 530.81 mg GAE/100 g for TPh; 2572.29 μmol TE/100 g for SA and 1336.26 μmol TE/100 g for RP were obtained with high desirability (0.975) and no significant difference (p < 0.05) with the experimental values. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR 31044

Encapsulation of Beetroot Pomace Extract: RSM Optimization, Storage and Gastrointestinal Stability

One of the great problems in food production are surplus by-products, usually utilized for feeding animals and for preparation of dietary fibre or biofuel. These products represent potential sources of bioactive antioxidants and colour-giving compounds which could be used in the pharmaceutical industry and as food additives. In the present study beetroot pomace extract was encapsulated in soy protein by a freeze drying method. Process parameters (core: wall ratio, extract concentration and mixing time) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in order to obtain the optimum encapsulate (OE) with the highest polyphenol encapsulation efficiency (EE) and radical scavenging activity on DPPH radicals (SA). Using the calculated optimum conditions, the EE (86.14%) and SA (1668.37 μmol Trolox equivalents/100 g) of OE did not differ significantly (p &lt; 0.05) from the predicted ones. The contents of total polyphenols (326.51 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (10.23 mg RE/100 g), and betalains (60.52 mg betanin/100 g and 61.33 mg vulgaxanthin-I/100 g), individual content of phenolic compounds and betalains by HPLC, and the ability to reduce Fe3+ ions, i.e., reducing power (394.95 μmol Trolox equivalents/100 g) of OE were determined as well. During three months of storage at room temperature, polyphenol retention was much higher (76.67%) than for betalain pigments, betacyanins (17.77%) and betaxanthins (17.72%). In vitro digestion and release of phenolics from OE showed higher release rate in simulated intestinal fluid than in gastric fluid. These results suggest encapsulation as a contemporary method for valorisation of sensitive bioactive compounds from food industry by-products

Polyfloral, linden and acacia honeys with dried cherries after three months of storage - antioxidant and sensory evaluation

Samples of three types of honey: polyfloral (PH), linden (LH) and acacia (AH,) without and with addition of dried cherries (40%) were analyzed before and after three months of storage. The total phenol (TPh), flavonoid (TFd) and anthocyanin (TAn) contents, antioxidant activities and sensory properties of honeys with and without the addition of dry cherries were evaluated. TPh and TFd increased with addition of dried cherries to the honey, while enriched honeys showed high TAn. The LH sample with dried cherries showed the highest anthocyanins content (41.41mgCGE/100g). The antioxidant activity increased with addition of dried cherries in honey in the DPPH• test and reducing power. The PH and enriched PH exibited the best antiradical activity compared to LH and AH. The EC50 DPPH values were: 23.81 for PH and 24.19 mg/mL for PH, while the EC50 DPPH were: 1.16 mg/mL for PH40 and 1.18 mg/mL for PH40s. RP0.5 values were: 57.00 mg/mL for PH40 and 56.00 mg/ml for PH40s, while RP0.5 were: 15.05 mg/mL for PH40 and 15.18 mg/mL for PH40s. The statistical analysis showed that TPh, TFd and TAn, and antioxidant activity of honeys and enriched honeys showed significant correlation. Sensory analysis of honey with dried cherries, before and after storage, indicated very good sensory characteristics