Interruptions de grossesse dans le canton de Vaud en 2016 : l’essentiel

Les interruptions de grossesse pratiquées en Suisse doivent obligatoirement être annoncées à l'autorité sanitaire compétente. Dans le canton de Vaud, des analyses approfondies sont menées sur les informations ainsi récoltées. Quelles sont les dernières données ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des femmes ayant eu recours à ce type d'intervention en 2016 et quelles sont les caractéristiques de ces interventions

Interruptions de grossesse dans le canton de Vaud en 2015: l’essentiel

Les interruptions de grossesse pratiquées en Suisse doivent obligatoirement être annoncées à l'autorité sanitaire compétente. Dans le canton de Vaud, des analyses approfondies sont menées sur les données ainsi récoltées. Quelles sont les dernières données? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des femmes ayant eu recours à ce type d'intervention en 2015 et quelles sont les caractéristiques de ces interventions

Interruptions de grossesse dans le canton de Vaud en 2013

Sur mandat du médecin cantonal, les interventions effectuées dans le canton de Vaud font l'objet d'un monitorage continu et détaillé effectué par l'Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive. En 2013, 1518 interruptions de grossesse ont été déclarées dans le canton de Vaud, soit une de plus que l'année précédente. Dans neuf cas sur dix, la femme enceinte était domiciliée sur le territoire cantonal, soit un total de 1316 femmes. Dans l'ensemble, les statistiques restent très stables. Rapporté à la population féminine en âge de procréer, le taux d'interruption de grossesse chez les résidentes vaudoises est de 7.1 pour mille femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans (8.8 pour mille femmes âgées de 15 à 44 ansa). L'écart entre femmes de nationalité étrangère et femmes de nationalité suisse persiste avec un taux respectivement de 9.50/00 et 5.50/00. En 2013, on enregistre environ une interruption de grossesse pour six naissances. L'âge médian au moment de l'intervention est de 28 ans. Huit femmes avaient moins de 16 ans. La moitié des interruptions de grossesse réalisées concerne des femmes de nationalité étrangère : huit sur dix ont une autorisation de séjour B ou C, le reste se trouvant en statut précaire (sans permis ou au bénéfice d'un permis N/F/L)

Innovative chemotherapeutical treatment options for alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are cestode parasites, of which the metacestode (larval) stages cause the diseases cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Albendazole and mebendazole are presently used for chemotherapeutical treatment. However, these benzimidazoles do not appear to be parasiticidal in vivo against AE. In addition, failures in drug treatments as well as the occurrence of side-effects have been reported. New drugs are needed to cure AE and CE, which are considered to be neglected diseases. Strategies currently being implemented to identify novel chemotherapeutical treatment options include (i) conventional primary in vitro testing of broad-spectrum anti-infective drugs, either in parallel with, or followed by, animal experimentation; (ii) studies of drugs which interfere with the proliferation of cancer cells and of Echinococcus metacestodes; (iii) exploitation of the similarities between the parasite and mammalian signalling machineries, with a special focus on targeting specific signalling receptors; (iv) in silico approaches, employing the current Echinococcus genomic database information to search for suitable targets for compounds with known modes of action. In the present article, we review the efforts toward obtaining better anti-parasitic compounds which have been undertaken to improve chemotherapeutical treatment of echinococcosis, and summarize the achievements in the field of host-parasite interactions which may also lead to new immuno-therapeutical option

An anionic phosphenium complex as an ambident nucleophile

A unique anionic phosphenium complex was prepared from reaction of an N-heterocyclic chlorophosphine with Collman's reagent or K[HFe(CO)(4)]/NaH and characterized by spectral and XRD data. The complex behaves as an ambident nucleophile. Reactions with acetic acid, ClSnPh3, and a further equivalent of an N-heterocyclic chlorophosphine proceed via electrophilic functionalization at the metal site to yield appropriate mono- or bis-phosphenium complexes. Reaction with MeI at -70 degrees C produces a P-alkylation product as the first spectroscopically detectable intermediate, which decays at a higher temperature to give a mixture of free P-methylated N-heterocyclic phosphine and its Fe(CO)(4) complex. The different reaction products were characterized by spectral and XRD data. Computational studies indicate that the NHP units in all complexes display p-acceptor behaviour but show no disposition to adopt phosphide-like character or formally oxidize the metal centre.Peer reviewe

Echinococcus metacestodes as laboratory models for the screening of drugs against cestodes and trematodes

Among the cestodes, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia solium represent the most dangerous parasites. Their larval stages cause the diseases cystic echinococcosis (CE), alveolar echincoccosis (AE) and cysticercosis, respectively, which exhibit considerable medical and veterinary health concerns with a profound economic impact. Others caused by other cestodes, such as species of the genera Mesocestoides and Hymenolepis, are relatively rare in humans. In this review, we will focus on E. granulosus and E. multilocularis metacestode laboratory models and will review the use of these models in the search for novel drugs that could be employed for chemotherapeutic treatment of echinococcosis. Clearly, improved therapeutic drugs are needed for the treatment of AE and CE, and this can only be achieved through the development of medium-to-high throughput screening approaches. The most recent achievements in the in vitro culture and genetic manipulation of E. multilocularis cells and metacestodes, and the accessability of the E. multilocularis genome and EST sequence information, have rendered the E. multilocularis model uniquely suited for studies on drug-efficacy and drug target identification. This could lead to the development of novel compounds for the use in chemotherapy against echinococcosis, and possibly against diseases caused by other cestodes, and potentially also trematode

SLC2A9 (GLUT9) mediates urate reabsorption in the mouse kidney.

Uric acid (UA) is a metabolite of purine degradation and is involved in gout flairs and kidney stones formation. GLUT9 (SLC2A9) was previously shown to be a urate transporter in vitro. In vivo, humans carrying GLUT9 loss-of-function mutations have familial renal hypouricemia type 2, a condition characterized by hypouricemia, UA renal wasting associated with kidney stones, and an increased propensity to acute renal failure during strenuous exercise. Mice carrying a deletion of GLUT9 in the whole body are hyperuricemic and display a severe nephropathy due to intratubular uric acid precipitation. However, the precise role of GLUT9 in the kidney remains poorly characterized. We developed a mouse model in which GLUT9 was deleted specifically along the whole nephron in a tetracycline-inducible manner (subsequently called kidney-inducible KO or kiKO). The urate/creatinine ratio was increased as early as 4 days after induction of the KO and no GLUT9 protein was visible on kidney extracts. kiKO mice are morphologically identical to their wild-type littermates and had no spontaneous kidney stones. Twenty-four-hour urine collection revealed a major increase of urate urinary excretion rate and of the fractional excretion of urate, with no difference in urate concentration in the plasma. Polyuria was observed, but kiKO mice were still able to concentrate urine after water restriction. KiKO mice displayed lower blood pressure accompanied by an increased heart rate. Overall, these results indicate that GLUT9 is a crucial player in renal handling of urate in vivo and a putative target for uricosuric drugs

Molecular Systematics of the Fishing Bat Myotis (Pizonyx) vivesi

Phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular data have shown recurrent morphological convergence during evolution of the species-rich genus Myotis. Species or groups of species with similar feeding strategies have evolved independently several times to produce remarkable similarities in external morphology. In this context, we investigated the contentious phylogenetic position of 1 of the 2 piscivorous bat species, Myotis vivesi, which was not included in previous molecular studies. This bat, endemic to the coasts and islands of the Gulf of California, Mexico, was long classified in its own genus, Pizonyx, because of its distinctive morphology. To reconstruct its phylogenetic origins relative to other Myotis, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of 2 M. vivesi and related vespertilionids. These outgroups included Pipistrellus subflavus, a member of the subgenus Perimyotis, sometimes classified within the genus Myotis. Unexpectedly, all reconstructions placed M. vivesi within a strongly supported clade including all other typical neotropical and Nearctic Myotis. This molecular phylogeny supports an endemic radiation of New World Myotis. Other Myotis species with similar adaptations to gaffing prey from the water surface present no close phylogenetic relationships with M. vivesi, indicating that such adaptations are convergences. On the other hand, P. subflavus is genetically as distant from the genus Myotis as from other Pipistrellus species, suggesting that generic rank to Perimyotis is warrante

Médecines complémentaires dans le canton de Vaud : recours et offres actuels, principaux enjeux sanitaires et possibilités de réglementation.

Selon les données de l'Enquête suisse sur la santé (ESS), le canton de Vaud comprend une des plus grandes proportions d'utilisateurs de médecines complémentaires « au cours des 12 derniers mois » en Suisse (30% en 2012). L'homéopathie, la phytothérapie et l'acupuncture sont les thérapies les plus prisées. L'auto-recours dans le domaine des médecines complémentaires est difficile à estimer. Sur la base des quelques études disponibles en Suisse, ce phénomène paraît néanmoins fréquent. Selon une enquête téléphonique conduite auprès d'un échantillon représentatif d'adultes en Suisse, seuls 34% des répondant/es consultant des thérapeutes non-médecins affirment en informer toujours leurs médecins traitants