Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Banning the Cultural Exclusion: Free Trade and Copyrighted Goods

For centuries people have expressed themselves through creative works of art and literature, and since 1557 artists and authors have been able to protect their rights to their creative works through various national copyright laws. National copyright laws basically grant a monopoly in the use of the work to its creator. Copyrighted goods, however, are often easily transported across national boundaries, and thus national copyright laws may provide inadequate copyright protection in the international marketplace. The necessity for international copyright protection has been met to some extent by copyright conventions. International copyright conventions, like national copyright laws, define the scope and duration of the creator\u27s right to receive financial remuneration for his or her creative works. Both international copyright conventions and domestic copyright laws may conflict with the concept of free trade. Free trade among nations is a concept which has increased in importance over the last several decades, as has been shown by the proliferation of multinational trading organizations such as the European Community (EC)5 and by free trade areas created by agreements such as the Canadian Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Ernest Nister\u27s Farmyard Friends : An Antique Moving Picture Book

[10] p. : col. ill. Cover title. First impression --p. [4] of cover. Brief rhyming text and illustrations that change when a tab is pulled describe what the different animals on a farm like to eat. Stanley F. Moss Pop-Up Book Collection, Gift of Eugene B. Navias.https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/specialcollections_books_popupandmovablebooks/1047/thumbnail.jp

Proceso judicial y cultura. Una mirada global

El Grupo de Investigaciones en Derecho Procesal de la Universidad de Medellín presenta a los profesionales del derecho y a la comunidad académica en general, un libro de alta calidad que orientará la formación de estudiantes en temas de derecho procesal contemporáneo. Presentamos orgullosos el libro Proceso judicial y cultura. Una mirada global", seguros de que permitirá la construcción de espacios adecuados para el estudio del proceso jurisdiccional desde su relacionamiento con la cultura, la política, la economía, la sociología, entre otros, que impactan en la configuración del proceso en todas sus áreas, dado que este no es neutral y adopta diferentes modelos de acuerdo con el contexto cultural y su ideología. Se destaca finalmente en esta obra la participación de un sólido y reconocido núcleo docente, integrado por profesores e investigadores vinculados a prestigiosas universidades e institutos internacionales, comprometidos con el estudio del derecho procesal contemporáneo. Así, en el libro el lector encontrará los aportes de Michele T aruffo (Italia), Cristina de Maglie (I talia), Mario E. Chaumet (Argentina), Eduardo Oteiza (Argentina), Petronio Calmon (Brasil), Joan Picó I Junoy (España), Majid Pourostad (Irán), Susan Haack (Estados Unidos), Stacie Strong (Estados Unidos) ; por Colombia se contó con los aportes de Juan Gabriel Rojas, Dimaro Agudelo, Hernán Villa, Débora Guerra y Nina Ferrer, y en la traducción de capítulos al español fue valiosa la labor que cumplieron Diana Ramírez, Orión Vargas, Dimaro Agudelo y Guido Águila (Perú)

The Impact of the 1990's Economic Boom on Less Educated Workers in Rural America

This study uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) data to investigate whether the effect of local labor market conditions on the earnings of workers differs by gender, education level, or metropolitan/nonmetropolitan location. The results suggest that local economic conditions in the late 1990s did have a positive effect overall on wages for men with no more than a high school degree and for women regardless of education. Further, there is evidence of a difference between metro and nonmetro labor markets, suggesting that the 1990s boom helped urban less-educated workers but not those in rural areas. The metro-nonmetro difference is most apparent for male workers

The SunBEAm birth cohort: Protocol design

Background: Food allergy (FA) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common conditions that often present in the first year of life. Identification of underlying mechanisms and environmental determinants of FA and AD is essential to develop and implement effective prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives: We sought to describe the design of the Systems Biology of Early Atopy (SunBEAm) birth cohort. Methods: Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and administered through the Consortium for Food Allergy Research (CoFAR), SunBEAm is a US population-based, multicenter birth cohort that enrolls pregnant mothers, fathers, and their newborns and follows them to 3 years. Questionnaire and biosampling strategies were developed to apply a systems biology approach to identify environmental, immunologic, and multiomic determinants of AD, FA, and other allergic outcomes. Results: Enrollment is currently underway. On the basis of an estimated FA prevalence of 6%, the enrollment goal is 2500 infants. AD is defined on the basis of questionnaire and assessment, and FA is defined by an algorithm combining history and testing. Although any FA will be recorded, we focus on the diagnosis of egg, milk, and peanut at 5 months, adding wheat, soy, cashew, hazelnut, walnut, codfish, shrimp, and sesame starting at 12 months. Sampling includes blood, hair, stool, dust, water, tape strips, skin swabs, nasal secretions, nasal swabs, saliva, urine, functional aspects of the skin, and maternal breast milk and vaginal swabs. Conclusions: The SunBEAm birth cohort will provide a rich repository of data and specimens to interrogate mechanisms and determinants of early allergic outcomes, with an emphasis on FA, AD, and systems biology