367 research outputs found
Thermodynamical Properties of Hall Systems
We study quantum Hall effect within the framework of a newly proposed
approach, which captures the principal results of some proposals. This can be
established by considering a system of particles living on the non-commutative
plane in the presence of an electromagnetic field and quantum statistical
mechanically investigate its basic features. Solving the eigenvalue equation,
we analytically derive the energy levels and the corresponding wavefunctions.
These will be used, at low temperature and weak electric field, to determine
the thermodynamical potential \Omega^{nc} and related physical quantities.
Varying \Omega^{nc} with respect to the non-commutativity parameter \theta, we
define a new function that can be interpreted as a \Omega^{nc} density.
Evaluating the particle number, we show that the Hall conductivity of the
system is \theta-dependent. This allows us to make contact with quantum Hall
effect by offering different interpretations. We study the high temperature
regime and discuss the magnetism of the system. We finally show that at
\theta=2l_B^2, the system is sharing some common features with the Laughlin
theory.Comment: 20 pages, misprints correcte
Preparation and characterization of X ray mirrors with three single layers of a C, B4C and Ni onto two 820 mm long Si substrate
Optimization of Material Contrast for Efficient FIBâSEM Tomography of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Focused ion beam (FIB) â scanning electron microscopy (SEM) serial sectioning tomography has become an important tool for threeâdimensional microstructure reconstruction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to obtain an understanding of fabricationârelated effects and SOFC performance. By sequential FIB milling and SEM imaging a stack of crossâsection images across all functional SOFC layers was generated covering a large volume of 3.5·10 ÎŒm. One crucial step is image segmentation where regions with different image intensities are assigned to different material phases within the SOFC. To analyze all relevant SOFC materials, it was up to now mandatory to acquire several images by scanning the same region with different imaging parameters because sufficient material contrast could otherwise not be achieved. In this work we obtained highâcontast SEM images from a single scan to reconstract all functional SOFC layers consisting of a Ni/YOâdoped ZrO (YDZ) cermet anode, YDZ electrolyte and (La,Sr)MnO/YDZ cathode. This was possible by using different, simultaneous readâout detectors installed in a stateâofâtheâart scanning electron microscope. In addition, we used a deterministic approach for the optimization of imaging parameters by employing Monte Carlo simulations rather than trialâandâerror tests. We also studied the effect of detection geometry, detecting angle range and detector type
The semi-presidential system of Cape Verde: the relationship between the executive and the legislative powers = O sistema semi-presidencialista caboverdiano: a relação entre os poderes executivo e legislativo
e article analyses the relationship established between the executive
and legislative powers in the Cape Verdean government system
where researchers seek to understand it, taking into account their theoretical
and constitutional setting practice. It should be noted the prominence
of the debate and studies undertaken to understand how the scienti c
academy seeks to eradicate this problem. Two issues are relevant in this
debate: the rst reporting to the theoretical and constitutional con guration
of Cape Verdean government system and the other to its policy and
legislative practice.
Keywords: Cape Verde. Semi-presidential System. Systems of Government.
Legislative and Executive Powers.O artigo procura analisar a relação que se estabelece entre o poder
executivo e legislativo no sistema de governo cabo-verdiano, onde Investigadores
buscam compreendĂȘ-lo, tendo em conta a sua con guração
prĂĄtica, teĂłrica e constitucional. HĂĄ que realçar a proeminĂȘncia do debate
e dos estudos realizados no sentido de compreender como Ă© que a academia
cientà ca procura debelar esta problemåtica. Duas questÔes são
pertinentes neste debate: a primeira refere-se à con guração teórico-constitucional
do sistema de governo cabo-verdiano e a outra Ă prĂĄtica polĂtica
e legislativa.
Palavras-chave: Cabo Verde. Sistema Semi-presidencialista. Sistemas de Governo.
Poder legislativo e Poder Executivo
Barycentric decomposition of quantum measurements in finite dimensions
We analyze the convex structure of the set of positive operator valued
measures (POVMs) representing quantum measurements on a given finite
dimensional quantum system, with outcomes in a given locally compact Hausdorff
space. The extreme points of the convex set are operator valued measures
concentrated on a finite set of k \le d^2 points of the outcome space, d<
\infty being the dimension of the Hilbert space. We prove that for second
countable outcome spaces any POVM admits a Choquet representation as the
barycenter of the set of extreme points with respect to a suitable probability
measure. In the general case, Krein-Milman theorem is invoked to represent
POVMs as barycenters of a certain set of POVMs concentrated on k \le d^2 points
of the outcome space.Comment: !5 pages, no figure
Permafrost degradation at two monitored palsa mires in north-west Finland
Palsas and peat plateaus are expected to disappear from many regions, including Finnish Lapland. However, detailed long-term monitoring data of the degradation process on palsas are scarce. Here, we present the results of the aerial photography time series analysis (1959â2021), annual real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS and active layer monitoring (2007â2021), and annual unoccupied aerial system surveys (2016â2021) at two palsa sites (Peera and Laassaniemi, 68ââN) located in north-west Finland. We analysed temporal trends of palsa degradation and their relation to climate using linear regression. At both sites, the decrease in palsa area by â77â% to â90â% since 1959 and height by â16â% to â49â% since 2007 indicate substantial permafrost degradation throughout the study periods. The area loss rates are mainly connected to winter air temperature changes at Peera and winter precipitation changes at Laassaniemi. The active layer thickness (ALT) has varied annually between 2007 and 2021 with no significant trend and is related mainly to the number of very warm days during summer, autumn rainfall of previous year, and snow depths at Peera. At Laassaniemi, the ALT is weakly related to climate and has been decreasing in the middle part of the palsa during the past 8 years despite the continuous decrease in palsa volume. Our findings imply that the ALT in the inner parts of palsas do not necessarily reflect the overall permafrost conditions and underline the importance of surface position monitoring alongside the active layer measurements. The results also showed a negative relationship between the ALT and snow cover onset, indicating the complexity of climateâpermafrost feedbacks in palsa mires.</p
Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data
The transverse magnetoresistance of the two-dimensional chiral metal
We consider the two-dimensional chiral metal, which exists at the surface of
a layered, three-dimensional sample exhibiting the integer quantum Hall effect.
We calculate its magnetoresistance in response to a component of magnetic field
perpendicular to the sample surface, in the low temperature, but macroscopic,
regime where inelastic scattering may be neglected. The magnetoresistance is
positive, following a Drude form with a field scale,
, given by the transverse field strength at which
one quantum of flux, , passes through a rectangle with sides set by the
layer-spacing, , and the elastic mean free path, .
Experimental measurement of this magnetoresistance may therefore provide a
direct determination of the elastic mean free path in the chiral metal.Comment: submitted to Phys Rev
Optimization of entanglement witnesses
An entanglement witness (EW) is an operator that allows to detect entangled
states. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such operators to be
optimal, i.e. to detect entangled states in an optimal way. We show how to
optimize general EW, and then we particularize our results to the
non-decomposable ones; the latter are those that can detect positive partial
transpose entangled states (PPTES). We also present a method to systematically
construct and optimize this last class of operators based on the existence of
``edge'' PPTES, i.e. states that violate the range separability criterion
[Phys. Lett. A{\bf 232}, 333 (1997)] in an extreme manner. This method also
permits the systematic construction of non-decomposable positive maps (PM). Our
results lead to a novel sufficient condition for entanglement in terms of
non-decomposable EW and PM. Finally, we illustrate our results by constructing
optimal EW acting on H=\C^2\otimes \C^4. The corresponding PM constitute the
first examples of PM with minimal ``qubit'' domain, or - equivalently - minimal
hermitian conjugate codomain.Comment: 18 pages, two figures, minor change
Variation of elastic scattering across a quantum well
The Drude scattering times of electrons in two subbands of a parabolic
quantum well have been studied at constant electron sheet density and different
positions of the electron distribution along the growth direction. The
scattering times obtained by magnetotransport measurements decrease as the
electrons are displaced towards the well edges, although the lowest-subband
density increases. By comparing the measurements with calculations of the
scattering times of a two-subband system, new information on the location of
the relevant scatterers and the anisotropy of intersubband scattering is
obtained. It is found that the scattering time of electrons in the lower
subband depends sensitively on the position of the scatterers, which also
explains the measured dependence of the scattering on the carrier density. The
measurements indicate segregation of scatterers from the substrate side towards
the quantum well during growth.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
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