A REVIEW ON CIPROFLOXACIN: DOSAGE FORM PERSPECTIVE

Ciprofloxacin (CF) is one of the topmost selling antibiotics and it is available at a cheap cost which is used to treat many bacterial infections. Many research scientists are working on this drug for various applications on different drug delivery systems. The main objective of this paper is to enlighten about the details of pure drug CF and its delivery systems along with current research on this drug. This review focused on history, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, types of dosage form available in the market with their cost, current research going on this drug with their applications and methods development for estimation of CF. It also highlighted the possible interactions and adverse drug reactions of CF and patents available. The present review revealed that the only analytical method for estimation of CF was developed in the first decade, few drug delivery systems (DDS) of CF were developed in the second decade and more research work on the development of novel DDS of CF founded in the last decade

ANTI-ARTHRITIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES

Objective: The study focuses on evaluating the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Ormocarpum sennoides (Os), a herb belonging to the family fabaceae. Both in vitro and in vivo methods were employed to study the anti-inflammatory activity of Os extract.Methods: The in vitro analysis of Os extract was performed by HRBC membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods. The in vivo analysis was done by Formalin-induced paw edema and acetic acid induced writhing test using wistar male albino rats as an animal model.Results: The in vitro analysis revealed the inhibition of hemolysis and protein denaturation in a dose-dependent manner in concentrations ranging from 50-500 µg/ml. The in vivo study showed that Os extract reduced the number of paw lickings and abdominal writhing significantly at dosage concentrations of 200 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight compared with standard diclofenac sodium (p<0.05).Conclusion: These results support the application of Os extract in ailing arthritis and treatment of painful inflammatory conditions.Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity, Anti-arthritic activity, Ormocarpum sennoides, Rheumatoid arthriti

A Study on Thyroid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients and also to find out it’s correlation with various risk factors. The study sample included 100 type 2 diabetic patients presented in the outpatients department. Each patient was assessed clinically and by laboratory investigations. Primary observations regarding thyroid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, 20%(20 nos) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had abnormal thyroid profile. In patients with abnormal thyroid profile(20 nos), most common abnormality was subclinical hypothyroidism(55%) followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism(25%). Our study showed significant correlation between abnormal thyroid profile and gender, duration of diabetes and family history of diabetes. In persons with abnormal thyroid profile, 70% were females and 30% were males. This is statistically significant. The prevalence of thyroid abnormalities is more common in females than in males. No significant correlation was found between altered thyroid profile and age, type of treatment, SHT and BMI. Additional observations in the study group of type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: In the present study, patients ranged from 35 to 79 years of age. Maximum number of patients were in the age group between 41 to 60 yrs (58%). Majority (82%) of patients were on regular treatment and 18% were on irregular treatment. 44% patients were having family history of diabetes mellitus and 56% had no family history. Majority (80%) of the diabetic patients were overweight and obese

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ACORUS CALAMUS RHIZOME IN PARACETAMOL EXPOSURE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS: BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY

Objective: To study the hepatoprotective activity of an aqueous and alcoholic extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes against the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by oral administration of paracetamol and chemical parameters such as Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase, Glutathione, Catalase, lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes in liver was studied by comparing with Silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective drug.Results: Treatment of rats with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Acoruscalamus rhizome after paracetamol administration normalized the altered levels of above parameters which may comparable with Silymarin and Vit-E. The hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals.Conclusion: Based on the result it can be concluded that Acorus calamus rhizome possesses hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

EVALUATION OF STRESS ALLEVIATING POTENTIAL OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA ON CERTAIN IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Objective: Pergularia daemia [PD] Forsk, commonly called Veliparuthi†in Tamil belongs to the family of Asclepiadaceae. It has been used by villagers as traditional folk medicine for various ailments such as antipyretic, anti-venom, emmenagogue, anti-helminthic, and to treat malarial fever, infantile diarrhea. Scientific reports revealed several pharmacological properties of PD extract. Preliminary in vitro studies on the plant revealed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the plant. So the present study planned to investigate the in vivo stress alleviating the potential of  PD extract on noise stress induced model of wistar albino rats.Methods: Adult Wistar albino rats were exposed to pure tone noise stress for 45 min for one day and the effect of ethanolic PD extract on plasma corticosterone, organ weight body weight ratio of lymphoid organs and adrenal gland,immunological parameters like total leucocyte count, differential leukocyte, neutrophil adherence test and candida phagocytosis was studied.Results: Results revealed that acute stress significantly increased the plasma corticosterone level [p<0.001] and decreased the organ weight body weight ratio of the spleen [p<0.001] and thymus [p<0.01]. It also significantly decreased the total leucocyte count [p<0.001], percentage of neutrophils [p<0.001], eosinophils [p<0.004] and lymphocytes [p<0.001], neutrophil adherence [p<0.001] and enhanced the phagocytic index and avidity index [p<0.001] in acute noise stress exposed groups. Administration of PD extract significantly prevented those acute noise stress-induced changes [p<0.001].Conclusion: We can be  PD extract protected against the noise stress induced changes in albino rats and this stress alleviating and immunomodulatory potential of the plant may be attributed to the phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in it.Keywords: Stress indices, Immunomodulatory, bioactive compounds, Pergularia daemiaÂ

Energetics of Hi-C EUV Brightenings

We study the thermal structure and energetics of the point-like EUV brightenings within a system of fan loops observed in the active region \textsl{AR~11520}. These brightenings were simultaneously observed on 2012 July 11 by the HIgh-resolution Coronal (Hi-C) imager and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We identified 27 brightenings by automatically determining intensity enhancements in both Hi-C and AIA ~193~{\AA} light curves. The energetics of these brightenings were studied by using the Differential Emission Measure (DEM) diagnostics. The DEM weighted temperatures of these transients are in the range $\log{T} (K) = 6.2 - 6.6$ with radiative energies ${\approx}10^{24-25}$~ergs and densities ${\approx}$ a few times $10^{9}$~cm$^{-3}$. To the best of our knowledge, these are the smallest brightenings in EUV ever detected. We used these results to determine the mechanism of energy loss in these brightenings. Our analysis reveals that the dominant mechanism of energy loss for all the identified brightenings is conduction rather than radiation.Comment: 17 pages, 8 Figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

BCL6 enables Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells to survive BCR-ABL1 kinase inhibition.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used to treat patients with leukaemia driven by BCR-ABL1 (ref. 1) and other oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Recent efforts have focused on developing more potent TKIs that also inhibit mutant tyrosine kinases. However, even effective TKIs typically fail to eradicate leukaemia-initiating cells (LICs), which often cause recurrence of leukaemia after initially successful treatment. Here we report the discovery of a novel mechanism of drug resistance, which is based on protective feedback signalling of leukaemia cells in response to treatment with TKI. We identify BCL6 as a central component of this drug-resistance pathway and demonstrate that targeted inhibition of BCL6 leads to eradication of drug-resistant and leukaemia-initiating subclones