Parallel Page Rank Algorithms: A Survey

The PageRank method is an important and basic component in effective web search to compute the rank score of each page. The exponential growth of the Internet makes a crucial challenges for search engines to provide up-to-date and relevant user?s query search results within time period. The PageRank method computed on huge number of web pages and this is computation intensive task. In this paper, we provide the basic concept of PageRank method and discuss some Parallel PageRank methods. We also compare some Parallel algorithmic concepts like load balance, distributed vs. shared memory and data layout on these algorithms

CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS ARE POTENT FISH-FUNGICIDES

The potential fungicidal abilities of L-cysteine, L-valine, L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, L-alanine and L-isoleucine have been tested in vitro on five fish pathogenic watermoulds, four of Saprolegniaceae, viz., Achlya orion Coker & Couch, Aphanomyces laevis deBary, Dictyuchus sterile Coker, Saprolegnia diclina Humphrey; and one Blastocladiaceae, viz., Allomyces arbuscula Butler. The lowest concentration having fungicidal ability has been found to be 0.25%. Tolerance tests have also been conducted using Colisa lalius Hamilton and Channa punctata Bloch as test fishes and 0.25% has been recommended as Fungicidal Non-Toxic Concentration (FNTC) for the applicability of these amino acids as fish-fungicides

Controlling the size distribution of nanoparticles through the use of physical boundaries during laser ablation in liquids

A simple, yet effective method of controlling the size and size distributions of nanoparticles produced as a result of laser ablation of target material is presented. The method employs the presence of physical boundaries on either sides of the ablation site. In order to demonstrate the potential of the method, experiments have been conducted with copper and titanium as the target materials that are placed in two different liquid media (water and isopropyl alcohol). The ablation of the target material immersed in the liquid medium has been carried out using an Nd:YAG laser. Significant differences in the size and size distributions are observed in the cases of nanoparticles produced with and without confining boundaries. It is seen that for any given liquid medium and the target material, the mean size of the nanoparticles obtained with the boundary-fitted target surface is consistently higher than that achieved in the case of open (flat) targets. The observed trend has been attributed to the plausible role(s) of the confining boundaries in prolonging the thermalisation time of the plasma plume. In order to ascertain that the observed differences in sizes of the nanoparticles produced with and without the presence of the physical barriers are predominantly because of the prolonged thermalisation of the plasma plume and not due to the possible formation of oxide layer, select experiments with gold as the target material in water have also been performed. The experiments also show that, irrespective of the liquid medium, the increase in the mean size of the copper-based nanoparticles due to the presence of physical boundaries is relatively higher than that observed in the case of titanium target material under similar experimental conditions.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, a part of this work has been published in Photonics Prague 2017, (Proc. SPIE 10603, Photonics, Devices, and Systems VII, 1060304) titled "A novel method for fabrication of size-controlled metallic nanoparticles

A view-based approach for the reconstruction of optical properties of turbid media

A view-based approach for the computation of updates of optical parameters of a turbid medium is discussed. The approach differs from conventionally employed reconstruction techniques in terms of implementation of the computed updates. Simulation studies in frequency domain for tissue phantoms approximated by slab geometry have been presented. Results of the study show that the proposed inversion scheme, wherein the projection data corresponding to each view has been handled individually, works well in predicting the presence of an inhomogeneity. A comparison with the reconstruction results of conventionally employed inversion schemes involving simultaneous handling of projection data from all the view angles shows that the accuracy of the proposed scheme in predicting the presence of single inhomogeneity is higher and the reconstruction is also relatively free of artifacts. On the other hand, in the presence of multiple inhomogeneities, though the simultaneous handling of all the views gives better reconstruction, the updates obtained by the proposed scheme can be employed as close a priori information about the approximate positions of the inhomogeneities, thereby reducing the overall dimension of the Jacobian matrix to be inverted and hence making the convergence faster

Development of decadal (1985–1995–2005) land use and land cover database for India

India has experienced significant Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC) over the past few decades. In this context, careful observation and mapping of LULCC using satellite data of high to medium spatial resolution is crucial for understanding the long-term usage patterns of natural resources and facilitating sustainable management to plan, monitor and evaluate development. The present study utilizes the satellite images to generate national level LULC maps at decadal intervals for 1985, 1995 and 2005 using onscreen visual interpretation techniques with minimum mapping unit of 2.5 hectares. These maps follow the classification scheme of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) to ensure compatibility with other global/regional LULC datasets for comparison and integration. Our LULC maps with more than 90% overall accuracy highlight the changes prominent at regional level, i.e., loss of forest cover in central and northeast India, increase of cropland area in Western India, growth of peri-urban area, and relative increase in plantations. We also found spatial correlation between the cropping area and precipitation, which in turn confirms the monsoon dependent agriculture system in the country. On comparison with the existing global LULC products (GlobCover and MODIS), it can be concluded that our dataset has captured the maximum cumulative patch diversity frequency indicating the detailed representation that can be attributed to the on-screen visual interpretation technique. Comparisons with global LULC products (GlobCover and MODIS) show that our dataset captures maximum landscape diversity, which is partly attributable to the on-screen visual interpretation techniques. We advocate the utility of this database for national and regional studies on land dynamics and climate change research. The database would be updated to 2015 as a continuing effort of this study

Novel cost-effective design for bio-volatilization studies in photosynthetic microalgae exposed to arsenic with emphasis on growth and glutathione modulation

A novel laboratory model was designed to study the arsenic (As) biotransformation potential of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis sp. and the cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum. The Algae were treated under different concentrations of As(III) to check their growth, toxicity optimization, and volatilization potential. The results revealed that the alga Nannochloropsis sp. was better adopted in term of growth rate and biomass than C. vulgaris and A. doliolum. Algae grown under an As(III) environment can tolerate up to 200 μM As(III) with moderate toxicity impact. Further, the present study revealed the biotransformation capacity of the algae A. doliolum, Nannochloropsis sp., and Chlorella vulgaris. The microalga Nannochloropsis sp. volatilized a large maximum amount of As (4,393 ng), followed by C. vulgaris (4382.75 ng) and A. doliolum (2687.21 ng) after 21 days. The present study showed that As(III) stressed algae-conferred resistance and provided tolerance through high production of glutathione content and As-GSH chemistry inside cells. Thus, the biotransformation potential of algae may contribute to As reduction, biogeochemistry, and detoxification at a large scale

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

Stability analysis of Electro-thermo convection of binary fluid with chemical reaction in a horizontal porous layer

In the present article, we illustrate the onset of electro-thermo convection of a binary fluid in a horizontal porous layer subject to fixed temperatures and chemical equilibrium on the bounding surfaces. The state of convection is considered, when the solubility of dissolved components depends on temperature. We use linear stability analysis to investigate how the vertical electric field and dissolution or precipitation of the component affects the onset of convection. Darcy-Brinkman’s law and Boussinesq approximation are employed with the equation of state taken to be linear with respect to temperature and concentration. We present a comparative study for four different bonding surfaces in linear case and weakly non-linear study in free-free (F/F) case for different controlling parameters. From the linear stability analysis, we find that the larger value of AC electric Rayleigh number (Rea) and Damköler number enhance (χ) the onset of convection whereas the larger value of inverse Darcy number delay (Da-1) the onset of convection. The stability criteria for different bounding surfaces are given as F/R>R/R>R/F>F/F (where F represents free and R stands for rigid bounding surfaces). The effect of parameters is qualitatively same for all surfaces but differs quantitatively. We are getting same kind of results for limiting cases such as pure electro convection, pure double diffusive electro-convection and pure thermal double diffusive convection. From weakly non-linear stability analysis, we show heat and mass transfer effect for unsteady and steady cases for same parameters. With increasing value of Rea and χ, enhance the unsteady and steady convection whereas reverse is obtained with increasing Da-1. We also draw streamlines, isotherms and isohalines in unsteady case for different times (0.001,0.03,0.06,0.1) as well as in steady case for different Rayleigh number (at critical Rayleigh number and more than critical). These plots represent state of conduction and convection