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Studies on green house gas emissions from rice field in Rwanda

The overall objective of this research is to estimate the Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions in different time of the day and to bring out the time of maximum and minimum GHGs emissions from the rice field. An experiment was conducted to estimate the GHGs emission from the rice fields of Muvumba P-8. Gas collection chambers were installed in 9 plots to collect the greenhouse gases. The gas samples were analyzed in Gas Chromatography and converted its results in to usable form. There was marked difference in the mean CO2 gas emission among the plots. The overall mean of CO2 gas emission among the experimental plots was 1950521 μg m-2 h-1. CH4 gas emission was high at 9 am and the minimum is at 3 pm among the mean gas production. Maximum CH4 gas emission at 9 am is due to the fact that during night time rice plant takes more CH4 and release the same due to ambient temperature rise at 9 am. The minimum CH4 gas emission at 3 pm is due to the fact that rice plant released all its CH4 during day time around 9 am to 3 pm and there was less CH4 in the rice plant to release at 3 pm. The mean of N2O gas emission at 6 am, 9 am, 12 noon and 3 pm of all the experimental plots was found to be 960.86 μg m-2 h-1. The mean N2O gas emission at 9am was found to be 995.82μg m-2 h-1. The important conclusion from the study is that N2O gas emission at 6 am and 12 noon are behaving similarly with decreasing trend. It was also found that N2O gas emission at 9 am and 3 pm are behaving similarly with decreasing trend.Keywords: Rice field, Green House Gases, emission, marshlan

Expression of the p53 Target Wig-1 Is Associated with HPV Status and Patient Survival in Cervical Carcinoma

<div><p>The p53 target gene <i>WIG-1</i> (<i>ZMAT3</i>) is located in chromosomal region 3q26, that is frequently amplified in human tumors, including cervical cancer. We have examined the status of <i>WIG-1</i> and the encoded Wig-1 protein in cervical carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissue samples. Our analysis of eight cervical cancer lines (Ca Ski, ME-180, MS751, SiHa, SW756, C-4I, C-33A, and HT-3) by spectral karyotype, comparative genomic hybridization and Southern blotting revealed <i>WIG-1</i> is not the primary target for chromosome 3 gains. However, <i>WIG-1</i>/Wig-1 were readily expressed and <i>WIG-1</i> mRNA expression was higher in the two HPV-negative cervical cell lines (C33-A, HT-3) than in HPV-positive lines. We then assessed Wig-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 38 cervical tumor samples. We found higher nuclear Wig-1 expression levels in HPV-negative compared to HPV positive cases (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and in adenocarcinomas as compared to squamous cell lesions (<i>p</i><0.0001). Cases with moderate nuclear Wig-1 staining and positive cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining showed longer survival than patients with strong nuclear and negative cytoplasmic staining (<i>p</i> = 0.042). Nuclear Wig-1 expression levels were positively associated with age at diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.023) and histologic grade (<i>p</i> = 0.034). These results are consistent with a growth-promoting and/or anti-cell death function of nuclear Wig-1 and suggest that Wig-1 expression can serve as a prognostic marker in cervical carcinoma.</p></div

HPV status and chromosome 3 aberrations in the cell lines studied.

<p>* HPV-39 according to ATCC;</p><p>** HPV type was undetermined after DNA sequencing.</p><p>*** Bold in parenthesis indicates amplification within the gained interval.</p><p>HPV status and chromosome 3 aberrations in the cell lines studied.</p

Wig-1 expression in cervical carcinomas.

<p>Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed four main Wig-1 staining patterns: (A) moderate nuclear and positive cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining (IHC staining picture of case CIS-3 as a representative) at low magnification (left) and high magnification (right); (B) strong nuclear and negative cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining (IHC staining picture of case ADCA-18 as a representative) at low magnification (left) and high magnification (right); (C) moderate nuclear and negative cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining (IHC staining picture of case ADCA-21 as a representative) at low magnification (left) and high magnification (right); and (D) strong nuclear and positive cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining (IHC staining picture of case ADCA-22 as a representative) at low magnification (left) and high magnification (right). Neoplasia and non-neoplasia are marked in all figures. Scale bar  = 50 µm.</p

Comparison of Wig-1 IHC expression with clinical parameters.

<p>CIN3  =  Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3; CIS  =  Cancer <i>in situ</i>.</p><p>Univariate analysis of variance were performed. P-values <0.05 were regarded as sgnificant and are indicated in bold.</p><p>Comparison of Wig-1 IHC expression with clinical parameters.</p

Copy number and expression of <i>WIG-1/</i>Wig-1 in relation to HPV infection and <i>TP53/p53</i> status.

<p>-  =  negative;</p><p>+  =  detectable to moderate expression;</p><p>++  =  strong expression;</p><p>n.d.  =  not determined;</p><p>n.a.  =  not available;</p><p>* Given in arbitrary units as compared to fibroblasts (1.0).</p><p>** Reiss <i>et al.</i>, 1992; Yaginuma <i>et al.</i>, 1991; Srivastava <i>et al.</i>, 1992; Scheffner <i>et al.</i>, 1991; Masuda <i>et al.</i>, 1987.</p><p>Copy number and expression of <i>WIG-1/</i>Wig-1 in relation to HPV infection and <i>TP53/p53</i> status.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing cervical carcinoma patient survival as a function of Wig-1 staining pattern.

<p>(A) Patients with moderate nuclear Wig-1 staining show better survival than patients with high nuclear staining. (B) Patients with positive cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining have better survival than patients with negative cytoplasmic staining. (C) Patients with moderate nuclear and positive cytoplasmic Wig-1 staining show better survival than patients with strong nuclear and negative cytoplasmic staining. Cases no. and Log Rank P values are indicated. <i>p</i><0.05 is considered to be significant.</p