Evolutionary history and stress regulation of the lectin superfamily in higher plants

10.1186/1471-2148-10-79BMC Evolutionary Biology101

Investigation of mechanosensation in C. elegans using light field calcium imaging

We describe a new experimental approach to investigate touch sensation in the model organism C. elegans using light field deconvolution microscopy. By combining fast volumetric image acquisition with controlled indentation of the organism using a high sensitivity force transducer, we are able to simultaneously measure activity in multiple touch receptor neurons expressing the calcium ion indicator GCaMP6s. By varying the applied mechanical stimulus we show how this method can be used to quantify touch sensitivity in C. elegans. We describe some of the challenges of performing light field calcium imaging in moving samples and demonstrate that they can be overcome by simple data processing

Follow Your Star: New Frameworks for Online Stochastic Matching with Known and Unknown Patience

We study several generalizations of the Online Bipartite Matching problem. We consider settings with stochastic rewards, patience constraints, and weights (both vertex- and edge-weighted variants). We introduce a stochastic variant of the patience-constrained problem, where the patience is chosen randomly according to some known distribution and is not known until the point at which patience has been exhausted. We also consider stochastic arrival settings (i.e., online vertex arrival is determined by a known random process), which are natural settings that are able to beat the hard worst-case bounds of more pessimistic adversarial arrivals. Our approach to online matching utilizes black-box algorithms for matching on star graphs under various models of patience. In support of this, we design algorithms which solve the star graph problem optimally for patience with a constant hazard rate and yield a 1/2-approximation for any patience distribution. This 1/2-approximation also improves existing guarantees for cascade-click models in the product ranking literature, in which a user must be shown a sequence of items with various click-through-rates and the user's patience could run out at any time. We then build a framework which uses these star graph algorithms as black boxes to solve the online matching problems under different arrival settings. We show improved (or first-known) competitive ratios for these problems. Finally, we present negative results that include formalizing the concept of a stochasticity gap for LP upper bounds on these problems, bounding the worst-case performance of some popular greedy approaches, and showing the impossibility of having an adversarial patience in the product ranking setting.Comment: 43 page

Simultaneous Wavelength Translation and Amplitude Modulation of Single Photons from a Quantum Dot

Hybrid quantum information devices that combine disparate physical systems interacting through photons offer the promise of combining low-loss telecommunications wavelength transmission with high fidelity visible wavelength storage and manipulation. The realization of such systems requires control over the waveform of single photons to achieve spectral and temporal matching. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the simultaneous wavelength translation and amplitude modulation of single photons generated by a quantum dot emitting near 1300 nm with an exponentially-decaying waveform (lifetime $\approx$1.5 ns). Quasi-phase-matched sum-frequency generation with a pulsed 1550 nm laser creates single photons at 710 nm with a controlled amplitude modulation at 350 ps timescales.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Quantum Transduction of Telecommunications-band Single Photons from a Quantum Dot by Frequency Upconversion

The ability to transduce non-classical states of light from one wavelength to another is a requirement for integrating disparate quantum systems that take advantage of telecommunications-band photons for optical fiber transmission of quantum information and near-visible, stationary systems for manipulation and storage. In addition, transducing a single-photon source at 1.3 {\mu}m to visible wavelengths for detection would be integral to linear optical quantum computation due to the challenges of detection in the near-infrared. Recently, transduction at single-photon power levels has been accomplished through frequency upconversion, but it has yet to be demonstrated for a true single-photon source. Here, we transduce the triggered single-photon emission of a semiconductor quantum dot at 1.3 {\mu}m to 710 nm with a total detection (internal conversion) efficiency of 21% (75%). We demonstrate that the 710 nm signal maintains the quantum character of the 1.3 {\mu}m signal, yielding a photon anti-bunched second-order intensity correlation, g^(2)(t), that shows the optical field is composed of single photons with g^(2)(0) = 0.165 < 0.5.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

A Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulator Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis without Causing Hypercalcemia

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists are currently the agents of choice for the treatment of psoriasis, a skin inflammatory indication that is believed to involve an autoimmune component. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, has shown efficacy in animal autoimmune disease models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and type I diabetes. However, the side effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and its synthetic secosteroidal analogs is hypercalcemia, which is a major impediment in their clinical development for autoimmune diseases. Hypercalcemia develops as a result of the action of VDR agonists on the intestine. Here, we describe the identification of a VDR modulator (VDRM) compound A that was transcriptionally less active in intestinal cells and as a result exhibited less calcemic activity in vivo than 1,25-(OH)2D3. Cytokine analysis indicated that the VDRM not only modulated the T-helper cell balance from Th1 to Th2 effector function but also inhibited Th17 differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that the oral administration of compound A inhibited the induction and progress of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice without causing hypercalcemia

Hawking temperature of Kerr-Newman-AdS black hole from tunneling

Using the null-geodesic tunneling method of Parikh and Wilczek, we derive the Hawking temperature of a general four-dimensional rotating black hole. In order to eliminate the motion of $\phi$ degree of freedom of a tunneling particle, we have chosen a reference system that is co-rotating with the black hole horizon. Then we give the explicit result for the Hawking temperature of the Kerr-Newman-AdS black hole from the tunneling approach.Comment: 13 pages, Late

Improving Diversity of Demographic Representation in Large Language Models via Collective-Critiques and Self-Voting

A crucial challenge for generative large language models (LLMs) is diversity: when a user's prompt is under-specified, models may follow implicit assumptions while generating a response, which may result in homogenization of the responses, as well as certain demographic groups being under-represented or even erased from the generated responses. In this paper, we formalize diversity of representation in generative LLMs. We present evaluation datasets and propose metrics to measure diversity in generated responses along people and culture axes. We find that LLMs understand the notion of diversity, and that they can reason and critique their own responses for that goal. This finding motivated a new prompting technique called collective-critique and self-voting (CCSV) to self-improve people diversity of LLMs by tapping into its diversity reasoning capabilities, without relying on handcrafted examples or prompt tuning. Extensive empirical experiments with both human and automated evaluations show that our proposed approach is effective at improving people and culture diversity, and outperforms all baseline methods by a large margin.Comment: To appear at EMNLP 2023 main conferenc

Novel ALDH3A2 mutations in structural and functional domains of FALDH causing diverse clinical phenotypes in Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome patients

Mutations in ALDH3A2 cause Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a neuro-ichthyotic condition that is caused by deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). We screened for novel mutations causing SLS among Indian ethnicity, characterized the identified mutations in silico and in vitro; and retrospectively evaluated their role in phenotypic heterogeneity. Interestingly, asymmetric distribution of non-classical traits was observed in our cases. Nerve conduction studies suggested intrinsic-minus-claw hands in two siblings, a novel neurological phenotype to SLS. Genetic testing revealed 5 novel homozygous ALDH3A2 mutations in six cases: Case-1-NM_000382.2:c.50C>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Ser17Ter); Case-2-NM_000382.2:c.199G>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Glu67Ter); Case-3-NM_000382.2:c.1208G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Gly403Asp); Case-4-NM_000382.2:c.1325C>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Pro442Leu); Case-5&6-NM_000382.2:c.1349G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Trp450Ter). The mutations identified were predicted to be pathogenic and disrupts the functional domains of the FALDH. p.(Pro442Leu) at the C-terminal α-helix, might impair substrate gating process. Mammalian expression studies with exon-9 mutants confirmed the profound reduction in the enzyme activity. Diminished aldehyde oxidizing activity was observed with cases-2&3. Cases-2 & 3 showed epidermal hyperplasia with mild intracellular edema, spongiosis, hypergranulosis, and perivascular-interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate and a leaky eosinophilic epidermis. The presence of keratin-milia like lipid vacuoles implies defective lamellar secretion with p.(Gly403Asp). This study improves our understanding of the clinical and mutational diversity in SLS, which might help to fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of this debilitating disorder. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved