Isolation, screening, and characterization of plant growth enhancing endophytic bacteria from halophytic Heliotropium curassavicum L. collected from salt stress areas of Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh

Farmers use excessive chemical fertilizers to boost crop productivity to meet growing agricultural demands. However, this practice is costly and environmentally hazardous. Sustainable increase in crop yield can be achieved through alternatives like microbial-based fertilizers. In the quest to identify plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria, the present study was carried out and selected unexplored halophytic plant Heliotropium curassavicum L. Thirteen endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from both aerial and root portions of H.curassavicum. These isolates were tested for salt tolerance, enzyme production, and synthesis of growth-promoting secondary metabolites, like Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and phosphate solubilization . Most of the isolates belonged to the Bacillus family, exhibiting varying Gram staining and biochemical reactions. The majority are Gram-positive bacteria, non-motile, spore formers, and exist in two cells or chains. All isolates could tolerate up to 10% NaCl concentration and a temperature of 42°C. Based on phenotypic, bio-chemical characteristics, isolate HCR3 showed promising properties in synthesizing IAA and phosphate solubilization abilities. The isolate HCR3 grew well upto 10% NaCl concentration and also 42°C temperature. Based on molecular characterization by using 16S rRNA gene-based analysis HCR3 isolate was identified and belonged to the Genus Pseudomonas with the highest similarity index with Pseudomonas khazarica sp. HCR3 showed IAA production of 37µg ml-1, had a phosphate solubilization ability of 3.5 ppm, and recorded protease activity on gelatin medium. The findings highlight the potential of HCR3 and other strains from halophytic H. curassavicum L. to enhance plant growth through secondary bioactive metabolites, offering eco-friendly solutions for sustainable agriculture

Screening of salt tolerant endophytic bacteria with plant growth promoting characters isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius L., a species of mangrove ecosystem located at Corangi wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh

Mangroves harbour many beneficial microorganisms in their rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endophytically, which forms an ideal ecological habitation for isolating halotolerant endophytic bacteria with unique characteristics. Endophytes can produce numerous bioactive secondary metabolites and phytohormones, which may be directly or in some way beneficial to the host plant.   The present study aimed to identify novel endophytes capable of producing plant growth-promoting substances. The mangrove plants Acanthus ilicifolius L. at Corangi Wildlife Sanctuary were selected, and their leaves and roots were collected for endophyte isolation. Eight isolates from the leaves and roots were collected, purified and preserved. All these isolates were subjected to morphological, phenotypical and biochemical studies. Isolates were grown best at 3% NaCl nutrient agar and could tolerate salinity upto 8%NaCl. Most of them could grow upto 42°C. The majority were gram’s positive, motile, aerobic, rod-shaped and some were gram’s negative, rod-shaped organisms. Many of the endophytic organisms had the ability to synthesize Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) varied from 0.7 µg/ml (AIL1) to 51.0 µg/ml (AIL2) and the highest phosphate solubilizing ability was recorded with AIR3 (3.71 ppm) followed by AIR4 (3.00 ppm) and lowest was recorded by AIL4 (1.80 ppm). Among total isolates, AIL2 (51µg/ml) showed promising potential in producing IAA and had phosphate solubilization ability. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA molecular method the isolate AIL2 was identified as Bacillus altitudinis. This is the first to report that B.altitudinis strain AIL2 isolated from A.ilicifolius L. could produce IAA, which can be used as a bioinoculant in agriculture and allied sector

Tree Based Energy Balancing Routing Protocol by Self Organizing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Today the wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a crucial role in wireless technology in various domains like military, medicine, communications etc. The energy conservation is the crucial factor in the WSN. The WSN is a system which has more number of nodes in which various sensors are fabricated on the nodes to monitor various factors of the given task. These nodes will form a network by connecting the one to other for the effective communication between the nodes, and sends the whole information to the base station (BS). As the nodes which we use for the WSN are of low cost and are battery operated. The main drawback is replacement of the battery in the WSN. The main goal is to conserve the energy consumption in WSN and also to balance the load on WSN. For this many protocols are designed like LEACH, PEGASIS, PEDAP, etc. in those balancing the load and time delayed. some drawbacks are there. So we proposed a protocol so called “Tree Based Energy Balancing routing Protocol by Self Organizing” (TEBRSO), in which instead of routing tables a routing tree will be used for routing from nodes to base station (BS), which chooses one root/control node for the broadcasting messages to the selected sensor nodes. By this protocol we can save the energy consumption in WSN and can extend the life time of it. The performance of this protocol is better when we compare with other energy saving protocols

REVIEW: A RECENT REVIEW IN APPLICATIONS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

A wide development in the field of multidrug resistance in antimicrobial activity which enhance the search for development of new medicinal drugs with high potential. Schiff base heterocyclic metal complex with imine moiety, act as important antimicrobial agents due to their versatile properties such as chelation, adaptability of fine structure for a specific biological action, and chemotheraptic drugs. Schiff base compounds derived from various heterocyclic platforms have been competently reviewed.Â

3-(2-Methyl­benzyl­idene)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothia­zepin-4(5H)-one

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C17H15NOS, the mol­ecules form centrosymmetric dimers through pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The seven-membered ring adopts a distorted half-chair conformation

Theoretical and experimental studies of novel histidine derived Schiff base metal complexes, active towards biomedical and MCF 7 cell lines

Novel tri-dentate ligand-metal complexes [Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (1-5)] have been synthesized using L-histidine amino acid derived Schiff base ligand and characterized using analytical and spectral methods like UV-visible, FT-IR and ESI-MS techniques. The antioxidant studies of the Schiff base ligand and 1-5 complexes reveal that complexes exhibit significant free radical scavenging activity against the free radical DPPH. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the 1-5 complexes evaluated against the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7), reveal that complex 3 exhibits higher cytotoxicity than any other synthesized metal complexes. The docking studies have been carried out using BSA protein and DNA biomolecules with synthesized metal complexes. Antimicrobial studies has demonstrated that Cu(II) complexes possess higher activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as Fungi

Winning versus losing during gambling and its neural correlates

Humans often make decisions which maximize an internal utility function. For example, humans often maximize their expected reward when gambling and this is considered as a "rational" decision. However, humans tend to change their betting strategies depending on how they "feel". If someone has experienced a losing streak, they may "feel" that they are more likely to win on the next hand even though the odds of the game have not changed. That is, their decisions are driven by their emotional state. In this paper, we investigate how the human brain responds to wins and losses during gambling. Using a combination of local field potential recordings in human subjects performing a financial decision-making task, spectral analyses, and non-parametric cluster statistics, we investigated whether neural responses in different cognitive and limbic brain areas differ between wins and losses after decisions are made. In eleven subjects, the neural activity modulated significantly between win and loss trials in one brain region: the anterior insula ($p=0.01$). In particular, gamma activity (30-70 Hz) increased in the anterior insula when subjects just realized that they won. Modulation of metabolic activity in the anterior insula has been observed previously in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies during decision making and when emotions are elicited. However, our study is able to characterize temporal dynamics of electrical activity in this brain region at the millisecond resolution while decisions are made and after outcomes are revealed

Theoretical and experimental studies of novel histidine derived Schiff base metal complexes, active towards biomedical and MCF 7 cell lines

1768-1777Novel tri-dentate ligand-metal complexes [Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (1-5)] have been synthesized using L-histidine amino acid derived Schiff base ligand and characterized using analytical and spectral methods like UV-visible, FT-IR and ESI-MS techniques. The antioxidant studies of the Schiff base ligand and 1-5 complexes reveal that complexes exhibit significant free radical scavenging activity against the free radical DPPH. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the 1-5 complexes evaluated against the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7), reveal that complex 3 exhibits higher cytotoxicity than any other synthesized metal complexes. The docking studies have been carried out using BSA protein and DNA biomolecules with synthesized metal complexes. Antimicrobial studies has demonstrated that Cu(II) complexes possess higher activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as Fungi

ENHANCED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF ZnS NANOPARTICLES DOPED WITH TRANSITION AND RARE EARTH METALLIC IONS

Pure and doped ZnS nanocrystalline phosphors were prepared at room temperature using a chemical synthesis method. Transmission electron microscopy observation shows that the size of the ZnS crystals is in the 2-3 nm range and SAED pattern confirms the cubic and crystalline nature of the observed samples, which are in agreement with X-Ray analysis. Interesting luminescence characteristics such as strong and stable visible-light emissions were observed from the doped ZnS nanocrystals at room temperature whereas dominant UV emissions were observed for pure ZnS. These results strongly suggest that impurities, especially transition metals and rare-earth metals-activated ZnS nanocrystals are useful in the field of optoelectronics