Dynamics of the sentences system in Balinese-Malay language

Balinese-Malay language found today; called as base karang ni is a legacy of the previous Malay called base lame 'old Balinese-Malay'. It is spoken by the Malay community of West and East Loloan Village, Jembrana, Negara, Bali. Since 17th century this language has developed and has gone through various dynamics of retention and innovation. The problems of the research were about how the basic sentence system; dynamics of morphological and syntantic elements of productive prefixes and relatively labile sentences; and dynamics of phonological elements in Balinese-Malay language sentences were. Generative theories and explanatory descriptive method through the speech analyzer program were applied in the research. The results of this study showed that the use of some lexicons such as tanak ‘to cook’, can be attached by prefix me-, as in metanak in Balinese-Malay. The construction appears to be similar in bahasa Indonesia, aside from the /t/ which is apparently not dropped. In terms of its system, prefix me- is equal to prefix ber- in Indonesian, and prefix ŋ- is equal to me-. Historically, the difference between old Balinese-Malay with the modern ones can be seen from the softening of /h/ in the final position of seh. The duration of old Balinese-Malay was also found longer than the modern one and the East dialect was longer than the West. It was proved that the East Loloan is the area of the origin Balinese-Malay in Bali; meanwhile West Loloan is the development area

LINGUISTIC ERRORS OF USING INDONESIAN IN FOREIGN LEARNERS’ WRITINGS

This research was aimed at describing errors of using Indonesian in foreign learners’ writings and understanding causing factors of those errors. This research applied qualitative-descriptive approach method. The data were sixteen Indonesian writings written by foreign learners. The findings of this study reveal that there are such linguistic errors related to spelling, such as: errors in capitalization, error in writing affixed and root words, error in writing numbers, error in using punctuations, and error in writing borrowed word; related to morphology, such as: error in using the root, error in morphophonemic process, and error in using affixes; related to syntax, such as: errors in phrase structure and errors in sentence structure; and related to lexicon, such as: the use of pleonastic words, errors in word choice, and the use of unnecessary interrogative words. Moreover, the causing factors of those errors are linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Linguistic factors can be classified into three factors, they are interlingual factor, intralingual factor, and the daily use of Indonesian. Meanwhile, non-linguistic factors can be classified into two factors, they are imperfect language learning and learner’s community environment

Linguistic Landscape of Jalan Gajah Mada Heritage Area in Denpasar City

This study aims to explain the contestation of languages on outdoor signboards found in the heritage area of Jalan Gajah Mada in terms of linguistic landscape and how the implementations of government policies for language use in the public space. The heritage area of Jalan Gajah Mada was originally a trading center but recently it is starting to be developed into a tourist attraction of Denpasar old city The study was done by analysing 275 photos of outdoor signboards which were taken along the Jalan Gajah Mada. Those photos were classified based on the type of outdoor signboards, the maker, the number of languages, the number of scripts. The results show that the language that is mostly used in outdoor signboards in this area is Indonesian, eventhough the shops are mostly owned by Chinese descendants and several Indian and Arabian descendants. The study also showed that an outdoor signboard can have one, two, three, or even four languages simultaneously. For those outdoor signboards that use three and four languages, the two of them for sure are Indonesian and English. In accordance with the Regulation of the Governor of Bali Province Number 80 of 2018, especially with the regulation of the use of Balinese and Roman script, the implementation of government policies has not been implemented consistently. The outdoor signboards of government agency names were written exactly following the rules while other outdoor signboards are not

Politeness Strategy Used in 10th Grade Students’ Anecdote Text

This research was aimed to find out the types of politeness strategy that is used by 10th grade students to express criticism towards public issues through an anecdote text as well as the implication on the teaching and learning process of anecdote text in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. There were fifteen anecdote texts analyzed in this research and they were collected through a writing test conducted in a 10th grade class in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. The data were classified and analyzed based on the politeness strategy theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and ethnography of communication theory proposed by Hymes (1973). The result of the analysis shows that from the fifteen anecdote texts collected, there were only two types of politeness strategy found to be used in expressing criticism, they are bald on record strategy and off record strategy. There are ten anecdote texts composed by the students found using bald on record strategy, while the other five anecdotes using off record strategy in expressing criticism towards public issues. In other words, more students still used the more risky way of expressing criticisms, therefore it is important for the teacher to choose or design a better model of learning which can improve the students’ pragmatic competence

Symbolic Functions of Graffiti in Padang City of Indonesia: Critical Linguistic Landscape Studies

This study concerned with language in written form that is visible as graffiti in the Padang city, Indonesia landscape. The mushroomed of graffiti in Padang city landscapes increasingly has been a growing problem in society. Even local government as the official authority has created some task to prohibit graffiti, but a new graffiti has always been emerging in public space. Therefore graffiti has been considered a crime. It is interesting to explore graffiti in Padang city landscapes from other perspectives, particularly the symbolic functions of graffiti. The study uses qualitative approaches by applying Critical Discourse Analysis. The result shows that graffiti in Padang city landscapes accomplished two principal symbolic functions; first graffiti as a medium of demonstration in which providing space for marginalized expression with the opportunity to voice controversial ideas publically; second graffiti as social critics in which providing input into the public discourse that is not concerned by other conventional media

The Ka- Passive Form in Balinese

This paper accounts for the ka- passive form in Balinese. It focuses on its syntactic and semantic representation. Using the data taken from Balinese narrative texts issued in the Bali Orti of Bali Post newspaper, and applying the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999), it was found out that the ka- passive belongs to a morphological passive voice of Balinese where the the voice is marked on the verb (it is marked by prefix ka-). The ka- base form can be attached by applicative suffixes such as -ang, -in, and –an. These morphological verbs imply various syntactic structure and semantic representation

The Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Suffix -in in Balinese

This paper discusses the syntactic and semantic analysis of Balinese suffix -in. It is to determine its distribution in sentence construction. This study uses the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999) supported by the data taken from Balinese articles issued in the Bali Orti of Bali Post newspapers. The result of the analysis shows that as a transitivizing suffix, Balinese suffix -in can be added to nominal, adjectival, adverbial, intransitive and transitive bases. Syntactically, -in can be used in stative, transitive, imperative, passive constructions. The word orders assigned by the suffix -in require different morphology of the verbs. Semantically, the derived verbs with -in refer to the activities treating object as static target of action. As an applicative suffix, -in expresses causative, benefactive, source or locative meaning

PREDIKSI PENDUDUK MISKIN DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DEKOMPOSISI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi persentase penduduk miskin di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis dekomposisi. Dekomposisi adalah salah satu model peramalan yang dapat  digunakan untuk meramalkan data time series yang berpola cyclic. Penelitian ini menerapkan model dekomposisi aditif dan model dekomposisi multiplikatif. Tingkat akurasi model diuji dengan teknik MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model dekomposisi aditif merupakan model dekomposisi yang lebih baik karena memiliki nilai error yang lebih kecil. Model yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini memiliki nilai MAPE 5,96%, dibawah 10%, sehingga dapat diartikan model tersebut memiliki akurasi yang sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan model yang dikembangkan, prediksi angka penduduk miskin untuk periode 2020 semester II adalah 9,83% , periode 2021 semester I adalah 9,70% , periode 2021 semester II adalah  9,51% , periode 2022 semester I adalah 9,38% dan untuk periode 2022 semester II adalah 9,20%

Reflexive and Reciprocal as Valency Decrease: A Morpho-syntax Study in Sasak

This research is a descriptive study that examines the constructions of reflexive and reciprocal of valency decrease using linguistic typological theory proposed by Dixon (2012). The results of data analysis revealed that in Sasak Kuto-Kute dialect, reflexive constructions can be formed through two techniques; namely verb derivation and combination techniques. The verb derivation technique involved the addition of a nasal prefix (N) to the verb functioning as reflexive marker (REF), whilst, the combination technique employed the addition of confix n- -in followed by the pronoun diriqnya ‘him/herself’. The formation of reciprocal construction is carried out through three techniques: the use of reciprocal verbs, verb derivation and the use of reciprocal adverbs. The reciprocal verb used in the data is tempur 'meet'. Meanwhile, for verb derivation the addition of confix meng- -an on the verb kaol 'hug' makes the verb’s meaning reciprocal. In the technique of using adverbs, the sentences that bear reciprocal meaning are formed by adding the word saling ‘each other’ appearing before the bases (affixless), verbs with suffix -in and confix ke- -n. From the overall data, it was found that the verb derivation techniques for reflexive is more preferred, while for reciprocals, the technique of using adverbs is more often used compared to the other two

Causative in Sasak: A Mechanism of Valency Increase

This study discusses the formation of causatives based on the criteria proposed by Dixon (2012). Pertain to the mechanism of valency increasing, it is found that causative construction in Sasak Kuto-Kute dialect covers two forms: morphological and lexical. Morphological causative involves the process of adding confix N -ang/in and affix -in to the non-causative base verb, whilst, the lexical causative uses the causative verb mate 'died/killed'. Furthermore, it was found that the formation of causative from intransitive verbs can be done by moving the original S to O position in the causative construction, which is morphologically marked on the verb, and also using different verbs with the same meaning to form the causative construction which is followed by the transfer of the original S to O position. For transitive verbs, the formation can be done through the use of affixes with the original A and original O both becoming O1 and O2. Last, the causative construction in the dialect semantically involves five semantic parameters, namely transparency, naturalness, intention, involvement, and control