Indian nursing students' attitudes toward mental illness and persons with mental illness

Background: Nursing fraternity play a pivotal role in psychiatric services. Negative attitudes toward mental illness have been consistently reported in nursing students. Psychiatric conditions and persons suffering from them may elicit different kinds of attitudinal responses. Objective: The current study aimed at assessing the attitude toward mental illness and also at comparative evaluation of the attitude toward persons with different psychiatric, physical, and social conditions. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out among conveniently selected nursing students (n = 100) using Attitude Scale for Mental Illness (ASMI) and Attitude to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) on their 1st day of psychiatric posting. Results: Higher stereotype (3.1 ± 0.8), benevolence (3.7 ± 0.6), and pessimistic prediction (3.4 ± 0.9) were reported toward mental illness. Negative attitude was noted toward persons with criminal background (4.8 ± 3.7), heroin abuse (3.2 ± 3.6), suicidal depression (1.36 ± 3.6), alcohol use (0.59 ± 4.38), and schizophrenia (0.03 ± 3.2) in the same order, with positive attitude toward diabetic (−4.4 ± 3.9) and religious persons (−5.13 ± 3.6). Significant correlation of ASMI scores was noted mainly with schizophrenia of AMIQ but not with other psychiatric conditions. Conclusion: High negative attitudes in nursing students underline the need for stronger antistigma measures. Differences in attitude toward mental illness in general and specific psychiatric conditions need further systematic evaluation

Effect of left temporoparietal transcranial direct current stimulation on self-bias effect and retrospective intentional binding paradigm: A randomised, double-blind, controlled study.

Background: The significance of selection and accelerated perception of self-related sensory information is an established phenomenon termed the self-bias effect. Self-related motor information is utilised by self-other monitoring processes like implicit measures of a sense of agency. Intentional binding is one such process that focuses on the temporal shift between a voluntary action and the sensory consequence. Recently, it was discovered that self-related information from visual stimuli could also affect retrospective intentional binding. Considering the importance of the left temporoparietal junction (l-TPJ) in self-other monitoring, we explored its causal role by modulating its activity with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). We predicted increased self-associated saliency and intentional binding from anodal HD-tDCS to l-TPJ compared to baseline and cathodal stimulation conditions. Methods: Fifteen healthy right-handed participants performed two computerized tasks: sound-label matching and intentional binding tasks. Behavioural data were collected at baseline and following randomly ordered anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS of l-TPJ. Anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS were administered to all the participants in two different sessions and were separated by at least 72 hours. Results: Strong self-bias effect was observed in all conditions. We didn’t note a retrospective intentional binding effect between self-associated and other-associated sounds in any of the conditions. HD-tDCS indicates a dual and crucial role of l-TPJ in general mismatch detection and other-associated stimulus representation in the self-bias effect. Conclusion: The results suggest a diverse role of l-TPJ in self-reference networks and general mismatch detection

Neural Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Schizophrenia: A Case Study Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, behavioral symptoms, and cognitive deficits. Roughly, 70%-80% of schizophrenia patients experience auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), with 25%-30% demonstrating resistance to conventional antipsychotic medications. Studies suggest a promising role for add-on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the treatment of medication-refractory AVHs. The mechanisms through which tDCS could be therapeutic in such cases are unclear, but possibly involve neuroplastic effects. In recent years, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been used successfully to study tDCS-induced neuroplastic changes. In a double-blind, sham-controlled design, we applied fNIRS to measure task-dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes as a surrogate outcome of single session tDCS-induced effects on neuroplasticity in a schizophrenia patient with persistent auditory hallucinations. The observations are discussed in this case report