A Novel variation-tolerant 9T SRAM design for nanoscale CMOS

As the feature sizes decrease, understanding manufacturing variations becomes essential to effectively design robust circuits. Manufacturing variations occur when process parameters deviate from their ideal or expected values, resulting in variations in device characteristics. Variations in the device characteristics cause the circuit to deviate from its expected behavior resulting in circuit instability, performance degradation, and yield loss. Both from an economic and performance standpoint, the yield and performance of Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) are of great importance to the modern System-on-Chip designs. SRAM bitcells typically employ well-matched, minimum-sized transistors which make them highly sensitive to process variations. To overcome these challenges, researchers have proposed different topologies for SRAMs with 8T and 10T SRAM designs. These designs improve the cell stability but suffer from bitline-leakage noise, placing constraints on the number of cells shared by each bitline. These designs also have substantial area overhead when compared to the traditional 6T design. In this work, the published SRAM designs are characterized using commercial CMOS 65 nm models and are compared based on critical SRAM parameters like read stability, write stability, bitline leakage and the impact of process variations. Furthermore, a single-ended 9T SRAM design is proposed that enhances data stability and simultaneously addresses the bitline leakage problem. The proposed design also satisfies the yield criterion to achieve 90% yield for a 1Mb SRAM array in the presence of process variations

Ahara as Pathya and Apathya in Amlapitta - A Review

The core principles in Ayurveda give prime importance to Agni, Prakriti, Ahara (food) and Vihara (lifestyle) in maintaining health. Present era people are scheduled to one or the other works due to which they are following unrightful food and habits which lead the manifestation of one of the common disorder which troubles person a lot - Amlapitta. By excess “Hurry, Worry and Curry” GIT disorders are the most common, not only affecting physical health but also psychological and social health. Amlapitta is one of that and it is a burning problem of the whole World. Amalpitta is composed of word Amla and Pitta. Amlapitta is a very common disease caused by Vidagdha Pitta with features like Amlodgara, Tiktodgara, Hrit, Kantha Daha etc. Pathya recommended in Amlapitta are Yava, Godhuma, Purana Shali, Mudga Yusha, Lajasaktu etc. Apathya recommended in Amlapitta are Navanna, Avidugdha, Masha, Kulattha, Dadhi and etc. So this present review article throws light on Pathya (conducive) and Apathya (non conducive) in Amlapitta

Survey study on Ahara as Upashaya and Anupashaya in Amavata

The Human beings are falling prey to various life style disorders, in which the defect in food and lifestyle play a major role. One among such disorder is Amavata. As this disease is chronic in nature. Food, lifestyle and medicine have influence on relieving and aggravating the symptoms of Amavata.Upashaya refers to that which gives relief to the person by the use of Diet, Regimen and Medicine. On the contrary, Anupashaya aggravates the disease.The Upashaya and Anupashaya are effective tools in Ayurveda for diagnosis as well as management of diseases. These same factors when followed improper way aggrevates the condition of Amavata. Hence it is useful to identify the Ahara which is Upa

Fuzzy Logic-based Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm for GNSS Receivers

Designing robust carrier tracking algorithms that are operable in strident environmental conditions for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers is the discern task. Major contribution in weakening the GNSS signals are ionospheric scintillations. The effect of scintillation can be known by amplitude scintillation index S4 and phase scintillation index sf parameters. The proposed fuzzy logic based adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) method helps in modelling the signal amplitude and phase dynamically by Auto-Regressive Exogenous (ARX) analysis using Sugeno fuzzy logic inference system. The algorithm gave good performance evaluation for synthetic Cornell scintillation monitor (CSM) data and real-time strong scintillated PRN 12 L1 C/A data on October 24th, 2012 around 21:30 h, Brazil local time collected by GNSS software navigation receiver (GSNR’x). Fuzzy logic algorithm is implemented for selecting the ARX orders based on estimated amplitude and phase ionospheric scintillation observations. Fuzzy based AEKF algorithm has the capability to mitigate ionospheric scintillations under both geomagnetic quiet and disturbed conditions

Utilizing Natural Mucoadhesive Polymers for Development of Nanoparticle Based Cilnidipine Buccal Films

The less oral bioavailability of Cilnidipine is primarily due to low solubility leads to reduced therapeutic efficacy. The study aimed to develop mucoadhesive buccal films to increase the bioavailability resulting in improved efficacy of this pooly soluble drug trough the buccal mucosa for the treatment of hypertension. Buccal films of Cilnidipine nanoparticles were developed by using different concentration of polymers such as HPMS K4M, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 934 by solvent casting technique. The developed films were characterized for the surface texture, thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, swelling index, content uniformity, mucoadhesive strength, moisture loss, moisture absorption, drug release, ex-vivo drug permeation and stability studies. F9 formulation was optimized as best formulation based on the physico chemical parameters, in vitro dissolution and ex-vivo permeation studies. The result indicates that the drug releases from the buccal films are slow and prolonged over the period of 12 h. There was no significance changes were observed during the stability studies indicates that, the prepared buccal films are stable. Hence, mucoadhesive buccal films can be used as an alternative particularly in the bed time with improved absorption of the dug through buccal mucosa, resulting in better bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy

Concept of Hyperlipidemia

In this modern era, due to varying factors of faulty dietary habits, work pressure, competitive lifestyles, longevity, all contribute to disease Hyperlipidemia, it is a high level of fats in the blood. These fats include cholesterol and triglycerides. This increases fatty deposits in arteries and the risk of blockages and it can be prevented and treated through the appropriate maintenance of healthy lifestyle. The present paper highlights the causes, diagnosis, management of the Hyperlipidemia through diet and lifestyle

Upashaya and Anupashaya - A Bird’s Eye View

The approach of the treatment in any disease begins with Roga Pareeksha and Rogi Pareeksha. Once these two concepts are clear, Vyadhi Vinishchaya will be perfect. This enables the Vaidya to choose appropriate Chikitsa. The five entities of Roga Pareeksha are Nidana (aetiology), Purvaroopa (early signs and symptoms), Roopa (cardinal features), Upashaya (symptomatic treatment) and Samprapti (pathogenesis). When Vaidya has doubtful diagnosis of a disease after thorough examination, he will carry out symptomatic first hand simple therapy, result of which will clarify his ambiguity in diagnosis. For example the pain in the Janu Sandhi may raise the doubt in the physician regarding its diagnosis as Amavata or Sandhivata. The Sthanika Taila Prayoga as Upashaya will result in clarity of diagnosis. Hence Upashaya (Pathya) and Anupashaya (Apathya) are the diagnostic tools in Vyadhi Vinishchaya. This creates a pavement for the path of thinking that Ahara, Vihara and Oushadha which relieve the Lakshanas of any Vyadhi are considered as Upashaya and those which aggravate or worsen are called as Anupashaya. This concept can be practically utilised to advice the Rogi regarding Pathya and Apathya in the specific disesase and it also helps to diagnose the disease without confusion. Hence a detailed knowledge of Upashaya (Pathya) and Anupashaya (Apathya) is essential in Chikitsa

Yoga in the management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to make proper utilisation of glucose, resulting in the condition of hyperglycaemia. Excess glucose in the blood ultimately results in high levels of glucose being present in the urine (glycosuria). This increase the urine output, which leads to dehydration and increase thirst. India has the largest diabetic population in the world. Changes in eating habits, increasing weight and decreased physical activity are major factors leading to increased incidence of Diabetes. Lifestyle plays an important role in the development of Diabetes. Yoga offers natural and effective remedies without toxic side-effects, and with benefits that extend far beyond the physical. This system of Yoga is a simple, natural programme involving five main principles: proper exercise, proper breathing, proper relaxation, proper diet and positive thinking and meditation. It is a cost effective lifestyle intervention technique