Evaluation of Morphometric Terrain Parameters and Their Influence on Determining Optimal Density of Primary Forest Road Network

Planning forest truck roads network involves a lot of factors that directly affect their density and length. Depending on the purpose of the forest truck road network, this number is higher or lower. Our opinion was that these factors should be divided into invariable and variable. Common parameters, regardless of the purpose of the roads, are morphometric parameters because they can limit the length and density of the network of forest truck roads due to their variety of forms. For this reason, this paper deals exclusively with the morphometric characteristics of the terrain and their influence on the density of the network of forest truck roads. The DEM of the terrain was processed with GIS software based on the seven most important influencing factors. By standardizing the criteria, the obtained maps were reclassified, and then each of the seven selected parameters was weighted with the coefficients obtained by the AHP method. In this way, a map of the suitability of the terrain for the construction and addition to the existing network of forest truck roads was obtained. The terrain is divided into 4 categories of suitability. Zero lines were drawn with GIS tools for road design. During the creation of the optimal road network, it was tested with absolute and relative openness. As a final result, each of 26 Forest Economic Areas (FEA) was assigned to one of 4 categories of terrain suitability for the construction and density of the forest truck road network. For each category of terrain convenience, the optimal absolute and relative openness is shown. Based on this work, we suggest that the use of morphometric parameters should be considered as the first step of forest road planning in other regions

Otvorenost šuma i šumskog zemljišta u Bosni i Hercegovini, entitetu Republici Srpskoj

The focus of this paper is on the description of the openness of primary forest traffic infrastructure in the Republic of Srpska. The data were collected using Garmin Oregon 600 GPS devices across the entire territory of state forests, managed by the Public Enterprise „Šume Republike Srpske”, and the recorded traces were compared and corrected by orthophoto snapshots with a 0.50 m resolution. The tools used for the processing of collected data were software ESRI ArcGIS 10.2 and Quantum GIS 16.2. In addition, the analysis covers all forest roads that pass through state forests that can be used for forest management and enable the movement of trucks. Public roads are only taken as an overview of openness of this category of roads and forest openness is shown by forest categories. The analyses included 843,466.00 ha out of the total of 1,002,056.00 ha of state-owned forests. The final aim of this analysis was to obtain a clear insight into the quantitative status of primary forest traffic infrastructure in the Republic of Srpska. The data were collected during 2016. Based on the analysis, the total density of the network of primary forest traffic infrastructure for the research area was 9.28 m/ha without public roads, i.e. 11.21 m/ha with public roads. In addition, density of the network of primary forest traffic infrastructure was determined separately for each category of forests, and the highest density of forest road network was found in forest plantations (11.57 m/ha or 14.82 m/ha with public roads) and high forests with natural regeneration (11.13 m/ha or 12.49 m/ha with public roads).Radi potrebe unaprjeđenja mreže cesta u Republici Srpskoj, u ovome radu su prikazani određeni rezultati. Dinamiku izgradnje cesta i otvaranja šuma prate velike oscilacije, a posebice stagnacija početkom devedesetih godina. Izgradnja cesta u Republici Srpskoj nastavljena je vrlo slabo do 2006 godine, kada se krenulo intenzivno s projektiranjem i izgradnjom šumskih kamionskih cesta do danas. U ovome razdoblju na prostoru Republike Srpske izgrađeno je 519 km cesta, ili prosječno 47.20 km godišnje. S obzirom da ne postoji jasna analiza optimalne gustoće kamionskih cesta u Republici Srpskoj, u ovom slučaju su kao parameter poslužila slična reljefna područja iz okruženja. Pritom minimalna otvorenost koja je potrebna za gospodarenje šumama u RS uzeta je vrijednost od 15 m/ha, dok je optimalna oko 20 m/ha. Na osnovi ovih parametara učinjena je i analiza otvorenosti šuma. Otvorenost šuma šumskim kamionskim cestama iznosi 9.28 m/ha. Mnogi autori prikazali su otvorenost šuma, uključujući i javne ceste. Glede toga, i u ovome radu prikazana je otvorenost od 11.21 m/ha. Otvorenost javnim cestama možemo promatrati u smislu značenja ne samo za transport šumskih drvnih sortimenata, nego i za zaštitu šuma od požara i monitoring šuma, kao i za prijevoz radnika i opreme do šuma za potrebe izvođenja radova na pošumljavanju, uzgoju i korišćenju šuma. Gustoća šumskih kamionskih cesta za radoblje od 2006. do2016. godine je uvećana za 0.62 m/ha. Ovom dinamikom izgradnje cesta minimalna otvorenost bi se dostigla za 100 godina. Otvorenost šuma kreće se od 1.19 m/ha, pa sve do 14.75 m/ha. Svega jedno šumsko-gospodarsko područje (istočnodrvarsko) može se svrstati u minimalno otvoreno, što predstavlja 1.48% od ukupne površine državnih šuma Republike Srpske. Šumskogospodarsko područje “majevičko” ima najnižu otvorenost. Na ovome prostoru velika površina šuma je zaštićena kao vodozahvat pitke vode u općini Bijeljina, i na ovome prostoru nije dozvoljena intenzivnija eksploatacija šuma, pa samim tim i izgradnja šumskih kamionskih cesta. S obirom da je ovo područje malo površinom, ono nema veliki utjecaj na ukupnu otvorenost šuma i šumskog zemljišta. Iz rezultata ovoga istraživanja. dolazi se do zaključka, kao i u entitetu Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, da su najvažnija pretpostavka i uvjet za unaprjeđenje šumske prometne infrastrukture i u Republici Srpskoj financijska sredstva. Nedostatak financijskih sredstava su osnovni uzrok zbog čega je realizirana novogradnja cesta značajno ispod preporučenog minimuma. Potrebno je značajno intenzivirati izgradnju šumskih kamionskih cesta, posebice obratiti pozornost na šumsko-gospodarska područja u kojima se skoro nikako nije gradilo. S obzirom da su parametri za utvrđivanje otvorenosti šuma uzeti iz okruženja, potrebno je provesti detaljniju analizu konkretnih utjecajnih čimbenika za ovaj prostor kako bi se odredio minimum i optimum.. Neophodno je u planskim dokumentima razraditi otvorenost šuma ili određenim studijama analizirati sve čimbenike koji utječu na otvorenost šuma, kako bi se postigli optimumi gustoće mreže šumskih kamionskih cesta za različite reljefne uvjete. Razvoj katastra postojeće šumske ceste je preduvjet za provođenje analize i dobivanje kvalitetnih programa otvaranja šuma. U radu je prikazana otvorenost šuma i šumskog zemljišta primarnom mrežom cesta u Republici Srpskoj. Podaci su prikupljeni GARMIN Oregon 600 GPS uređajima, na cijelom području, čiji je korisnik JPŠ “Šume Republike Srpske”, a snimljeni tragovi uspoređivani su i korigirani ortofoto snimkama rezolucije 0.50m. Za obradu podataka korišteni su GIS softveri, ArcGIS 10.2 i QGIS 2.16. GPS tragovi su razvrstani na javne i šumske ceste. Otvorenost šuma i šumskog zemljišta je prikazana po kategorijama šuma

Diversity of Fraxinus ornus from Serbia and Montenegro as revealed by RAPDs

PCR-RAPD markers revealed individual variation in F. ornus. A total of 122 fragments were amplified using 7 primers and of these 97 fragments were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was between 53.3% and 74.6% with an average of 63.1%. The mean gene diversity for all populations was 0.30 and the mean Shannon's index was 0.44. Of the total genetic variation 87% was intra-population whilst 13% was inter-population. The Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance matrice. Results herein represent the first use of molecular genetic (DNA) markers to characterize genetic variation in F. ornus populations. The partition of total genetic variance indicates a relatively restricted population differentiation as expected in outcrossing species. Present and future information on genetic structure and variability in F. ornus needs to be incorporated into strategies for the preservation of genetic resources of tree species.U radu su korišćeni PCR-RAPD markeri radi procene individualnih varijacija kod vrste F. ornus. Ukupno 122 fragmenta je amplificirano korišćenjem 7 prajmera, i među njima je bilo 97 polimorfnih fragmenata. Procenat polimorfnih lokusa se kretao između 53.3% i 74.6% sa prosečnom vrednošću od 63.1%. Srednji diverzitet gena za sve ispitivane populacije je iznosio 0.30, dok je srednji Shannon's index imao vrednost 0.44. Od totalne genetičke varijabilnosti 87% pripada intra-populacionoj varijabilnost, a 13% inter-populacionoj. Mantel test je pokazao značajne korelacije između matrica genetičke i geografske distance. Rezultati ovog rada predstavljaju prvu upotrebu molekularno genetičkih (DNA) markera u cilju određivanja genetičke varijabilnosti populacija F. ornus. Odnosi unutar ukupne genetičke varijabilnosti ukazuju na relativno ograničenu populacionu diferencijacije u odnosu na vrednosti koje su očekivane kod stranooplodne vrste. Na osnovu ovih kao i budućih informacija koje se odnose na genetičku strukturu i varijabilnost vrste F. ornus potrebno je kreirati strategije za očuvanje genetičkih resursa drvenastih vrsta.Projekat ministarstva br. 17301

Diversity of Fraxinus ornus from Serbia and Montenegro as revealed by RAPDs

PCR-RAPD markers revealed individual variation in F. ornus. A total of 122 fragments were amplified using 7 primers and of these 97 fragments were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was between 53.3% and 74.6% with an average of 63.1%. The mean gene diversity for all populations was 0.30 and the mean Shannon's index was 0.44. Of the total genetic variation 87% was intra-population whilst 13% was inter-population. The Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance matrice. Results herein represent the first use of molecular genetic (DNA) markers to characterize genetic variation in F. ornus populations. The partition of total genetic variance indicates a relatively restricted population differentiation as expected in outcrossing species. Present and future information on genetic structure and variability in F. ornus needs to be incorporated into strategies for the preservation of genetic resources of tree species.U radu su korišćeni PCR-RAPD markeri radi procene individualnih varijacija kod vrste F. ornus. Ukupno 122 fragmenta je amplificirano korišćenjem 7 prajmera, i među njima je bilo 97 polimorfnih fragmenata. Procenat polimorfnih lokusa se kretao između 53.3% i 74.6% sa prosečnom vrednošću od 63.1%. Srednji diverzitet gena za sve ispitivane populacije je iznosio 0.30, dok je srednji Shannon's index imao vrednost 0.44. Od totalne genetičke varijabilnosti 87% pripada intra-populacionoj varijabilnost, a 13% inter-populacionoj. Mantel test je pokazao značajne korelacije između matrica genetičke i geografske distance. Rezultati ovog rada predstavljaju prvu upotrebu molekularno genetičkih (DNA) markera u cilju određivanja genetičke varijabilnosti populacija F. ornus. Odnosi unutar ukupne genetičke varijabilnosti ukazuju na relativno ograničenu populacionu diferencijacije u odnosu na vrednosti koje su očekivane kod stranooplodne vrste. Na osnovu ovih kao i budućih informacija koje se odnose na genetičku strukturu i varijabilnost vrste F. ornus potrebno je kreirati strategije za očuvanje genetičkih resursa drvenastih vrsta.Projekat ministarstva br. 17301

Morphometric characteristics of the relief and their influence on forest openness by the primary forest roads network in the Republic of Srpska : doctoral dissertation

Област науке која се бави рељефним облицима и његовом класификацијом назива се геоморфологија. Геоморфологија је научна дисциплина која се бави истраживањем настанака, еволуције и динамике рељефа Земље. То је гранична дисциплина између географије и геологије. За разлику од морфографије и морфогенезе, морфометрија представља квантитативно одређивање општих параметара облика рељефа: хипсометрију, нагибе, вертикалну рашчлањеност (енергија рељефа), експозицију и специфичних параметара који подразумевају издвојене рељефне облике (нпр. гребене, поникве, дренажне мреже и др.). Jедан од најважнијих инфраструктурних објеката у шумарству су шумски камионски путеви. Планирање и оптимизовање шумских камионских путева се у прошлости углавном посматрало са економског аспекта, уз задовољење социолошких потреба локалног становништва. У току планирања оптималне мреже путева, коришћени су подаци базирани на величини сечивог етата и просечне транспорне дистанце привлачења шумских дрвних сортимената. Морфометријске карактеристике терена, као значајан утицајни фактор густине и просторног распореда мреже шумских камионских путева, у прошлости су, због недовољно прецизних података, приказиване описно. На основу таквих података аутори су давали своју класификацију густине мреже шумских камионских путева, а односила се на низијско, брдско и планинско подручје, без јасно одређених морфометријских карактеристика терена. Употребом савремене рачунарске технологије, коришћењем прецизнијих дигиталних модела терена (ДМТ), створили су се услови за много прецизнију класификацију рељефа. Одабрано је 7 најважнијих морфометријских критеријума на основу којих је вршена класификација шумскопривредних подручја у Републици Српској. Процена одабраних критеријума извршена је коришћењем аналитичког хијерархијског процеса (АХП), добијени су тежински коефицијенти који су множени са овим критеријумима на основу којих су класификована шумскопривредна подручја, разврстана у четири категорије. За сваку од добијених категорија, одабрано је карактеристично ШПП на којем је пројектована максимална густина путева коју је било могуће поставити у карактеристичан рељефни простор, с тим да просечна дистанца привлачења буде приближно 300 m. Коначном анализом, ШПП су разврстана у четири категорије погодности терена за изградњу шумских камионских путева и то: погодна, умерено погодна, слабо погодна и непогодна. Коначном расподелом ШПП, по овим категоријама, добијен је податак да 30,30% ШПП припада погодним теренима, 26,44% умерено погодним, 20,85% слабо погодним и 22,41% ШПП непогодним теренима.The field of science dealing with relief forms and their classification is called geomorphology. Geomorphology is a scientific discipline that investigates the origin, evolution, and dynamics of Earth's relief. It is a borderline discipline between geography and geology. Unlike morphography and morphogenesis, morphometry is a quantitative determination of general parameters forms of relief: hypsometry, slopes, terrain rugedness (relief energy), aspects, and specific parameters that imply isolated relief forms (eg ridge, sinks, drainage network, etc.). One of the most important infrastructural facilities in forestry are forest truck roads. In the past, the planning and optimization of forest truck roads were observed from an economic point of view, with minimal fulfillness of the needs for the local population. During the planning, data based on the size of the annual cut and the average skidding distance of forest wood assortments were used. Morphometric characteristics of the terrain, as a significant influencing factor of the density and spatial distribution of the forest truck road network, have been presented in the past descriptively due to insufficiently precise data. Based on such data, many authors made their classification of the density of the forest truck road network, according to classification on: lowland, mountainous and hilly areas, without clearly defined morphometric characteristics of the terrain. By using modern computer technology and more accurate digital terrain models (DТМ), the conditions for a very precise classification of terrain were created. The 7 most important criteria on the basis of which the classification of forest areas in the Republic of Srpska was performed were selected. The evaluation of the selected criteria was carried out using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), weight coefficients were obtained, which were multiplied by these criteria based on which characteristic areas were separated and classified into four categories. For each of the categories obtained, a characteristic FMU were selected where the maximum density of roads were designed that could be placed in the characteristic relief space, with average skidding distance of 300 m. According to the final analysis, FMU were classified into four categories of terrain suitability for the construction of forest truck roads and those are: suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable and unsuitable. The final distribution of FMU, by these categories, shows that 30.30% FMU belongs to suitable terrains, 26.44% to moderately suitable, 20.85% to less suitable and 22.41% FMU to unsuitable terrains

Impact of Chainsaw Power on Fuel and Oil Consumption

This research was carried out in a selection stand of beech and fir, where logging was performed with chainsaws of different powers. Two chainsaws of 3.9 kW were used for work on one area, while on the other one the applied tools were a combination of a smaller and a larger saw (2.5 kW and 3.9 kW). After logging, the consumption of energy products (fuel (gasoline and motor oil mix ratio 50:1) and chainsaw oil) was measured for each individual chainsaw by the method of refueling. It was found that the power of the chainsaw, i.e., the combination of chainsaws of different powers, significantly influences the consumption of energy products in a beech–fir mixed stand. By using a combination of one larger and one smaller chainsaw instead of two larger chainsaws, savings of about 26% for fuel and 24% for oil were achieved. The prediction analysis found that by using two chainsaws (of lower and higher power) instead of two higher power chainsaws (currently common mode of work) in beech stands for an estimated volume of about 1 million m3 year−1, the savings could be about 54,000 L of fuel and about 19,000 L of oil. In monetary value, this is a saving of about EUR 120,000 year−1, i.e., of about 2,500,000 MJ year−1 of energy