615 research outputs found

    Measurement and analysis of chemically changed mineral fibers after experiments in vitro and in vivo.

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    Asbestos, as well as other natural and man-made mineral fibers used for in vitro and in vivo experiments, must be described and defined physically and chemically as exactly as possible before any application. The interactions of fibers with the physical, chemical (air, water, etc.) and biological (cells, tissues, etc.) environments cause important changes in fiber chemistry and crystalline structure. Also, these should be detected as precisely as possible after each experiment. Our recent investigations dealt with the development of a complex analytical system for such measurements and with some applications of these analytical procedures for fibrous material sampled in the environment and from biological materials. Chemical and physical microanalyses of asbestos and glass fibers obtained by environmental sampling (air, water) and from human and animal tissue have shown chemical and crystalline changes in these particles. Scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and mass spectrometry analysis were used in these investigations. A partial or total leakage of elements could be observed. The leakage of elements in fibers is of a statistical nature. Some fibers remained chemically unchanged; in some fibers some elements were partially leached; and in some fibers the majority of metallic elements were leached. The potential meaning of this effect is also discussed

    Data on 824 fireballs observed by the digital cameras of the European Fireball Network in 2017-2018. II. Analysis of orbital and physical properties of centimeter-sized meteoroids

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    Meteoroids impacting the Earth on a daily basis are fragments of asteroids and comets. By studying fireballs produced during their disintegration in the atmosphere, we can gain information about their source regions and the properties of their parent bodies. In this work, data on 824 fireballs presented in an accompanying paper and catalog are used. We propose a new empirical parameter for the classification of the physical properties of meteoroids, based on the maximum dynamic pressure suffered by the meteoroid in the atmosphere. We then compare the physical and orbital properties of meteoroids. We find that aphelion distance is a better indicator of asteroidal origin than the Tisserand parameter. Meteoroids with aphelia lower than 4.9 AU are mostly asteroidal, with the exception of the Taurids and alpha Capricornids associated with the comets 2P/Encke and 169P/NEAT, respectively. We found another population of strong meteoroids of probably asteroidal origin on orbits with either high eccentricities or high inclinations, and aphelia up to ~ 7 AU. Among the meteoroid streams, the Geminids and eta Virginids are the strongest, and Leonids and alpha Capricornids the weakest. We found fine orbital structures within the Geminid and Perseid streams. Four minor meteoroid streams from the working list of the International Astronomical Union were confirmed. No meteoroid with perihelion distance lower than 0.07 AU was detected. Spectra are available for some of the fireballs, and they enabled us to identify several iron meteoroids and meteoroids deficient in sodium. Recognition and frequency of fireballs leading to meteorite falls is also discussed.Comment: accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysic

    Plectin-vimentin interaction

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    Das Cytolinkerprotein Plectin spielt bei der Aufrechterhaltung der IntegritĂ€t des Zytoskeletts eine entscheidende Rolle, indem es IntermediĂ€rfilamente (IFs) mit anderen zytoskelettĂ€ren Netzwerksystemen verbindet und diese an der Plasmamembran verankert. Weiters dient es als strukturelles GrundgerĂŒst fĂŒr Signalkaskaden und dĂŒrfte ebenfalls eine Funktion in der Netzwerkanordnung und –dynamik haben. Das PlectinmolekĂŒl mit seinem hohen Molekulargewicht (>500,000), besitzt eine Drei-DomĂ€nen-Organisation, wobei eine zentrale α-helikale StabdomĂ€ne von zwei terminalen globulĂ€ren DomĂ€nen begrenzt wird. Indem es eine einzige Phosphorylierungsstelle fĂŒr die Proteinkinase Cdk1 and Bindungsstellen fĂŒr verschiedene IF-Proteine und eine Vielfalt an Proteinen, die im „Signaling“ involviert sind, besitzt, ist die C-terminale DomĂ€ne von Plectin (bestehend aus den sechs strukturellen Wiederholungen - R1-6) von strategisch wichtiger Bedeutung. AbhĂ€ngig von der Spezies, gibt es zumindest 13 Cysteine in der C-terminalen DomĂ€ne von Plectin, vier davon befinden sich in der RepeatdomĂ€ne R5. Cysteine könnten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der Konformation von Proteinen leisten. Der erste Teil der Arbeit ist auf die Aufreinigung und Kristallisation von Pectinfragmenten, in denen die IF-Bindungsstelle lokalisiert ist, fokussiert. Alle rekombinanten Proteine wurden durch mindestens einen sĂ€ulenchromatographischen Schritt gereinigt und die HomogenitĂ€t der Proben durch GrĂ¶ĂŸenausschluss-Chromatographie bestĂ€tigt. Umfangreiches Kristallisationsscreening zeigte, dass nur die cysteinfreie Version des Plectin R5 und ein Fragment, das die Repeat-DomĂ€ne R4-5 enthielt, in der Lage waren, Kristalle zu bilden. Aber auch in diesen FĂ€llen traten nur kleine stabförmige oder sternförmig angeordnete nadelige Kristalle auf. Weder die Optimierung der Kristallisationsbedingungen noch GroßansĂ€tze (Macroseeding) fĂŒhrten zu Kristallen mit Dimensionen, die fĂŒr die Röntgenbeugungsanalysen geeignet waren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit untersuchte ich strukturelle und biologische Funktionen der in R5 enthaltenen Cysteine und die Auswirkungen ihrer Nitrosylierung auf Plectins Vimentinbindung und den Kollaps von IFs. Mit Hilfe von Cystein-Mutagenese (zu Serinen) zeigte ich, dass vier der in der R5 Repeat-DomĂ€ne enthaltenen Cysteine intra- und intermolekulare DisulfidbrĂŒcken bilden konnten. DarĂŒber hinaus, konnte gezeigt werden, dass das einzige in Vimentin enthaltene Cystein mit den R5-Cysteinen Disulfidbindungen eingehen können. Dennoch war die Vimentinbindung signifikant effektiver wenn das R5-Fragment in reduzierter Form vorlag. Von den vier Cysteinen in R5 wurde nur eines (Cys4) gefunden, das besonders reaktiv hinsichtlich DisulfidbrĂŒckenbildung war und auch in vitro nitrosiliert werden konnte. Unter Verwendung immortalisierter Endothelzellen konnte ich zeigen, dass Plectin auch in vivo S-nitrosiliert wird, und außerdem zeigte sich, dass Stickoxid (NO)-Donor-induzierter IF-Netzwerkzerfall in Plectin-defizienten Zellen dramatisch schneller ablief als in Wildtyp-Zellen. ZusĂ€tzlich beobachtete ich, dass sich Aktin-Stressfasern durch NO-Donor-Behandlung im Zentrum der Zellen ansammelten. Die Messung des von Endothelzellen nach endothelialer Stickoxidsynthase (eNOS)-Stimulation freigesetzte NO ergab, dass die NO-Produktion in Plectin-defizienten im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Zellen drastisch reduziert war. Die NO-Freisetzung korrelierte mit der Menge und dem Aktivierungsstatus von eNOS. Auch die Verteilung der eNOS entsprach ihrem Aktivierungzustand, wobei sie in Plectin-defizienten Zellen an der Zellperipherie lokalisiert (inaktive Form) war, wĂ€hrend in Wildtyp-Zellen eine diffuse Verteilung (aktive Form) zu finden war. Im dritten Teil meiner Arbeit untersuchte ich die Auswirkungen der Phosphorylierung von Plectin auf dessen Vimentinbindung, IF-Netzwerkbildung und Filamentdynamik. In Bindungsstudien fand ich heraus, dass die Phosphorylierung von Vimentin und Plectin durch die Mitose-spezifische Kinase Cdk1 deren Interaktion beeinflusste. Im speziellen fĂŒhrte phosphoryliertesVimentin, in Gegenwart der phosphorylierten BindungsdomĂ€ne Plectin R4-5, zur Bildung globulĂ€rer Strukturen unterschiedlicher GrĂ¶ĂŸe. Sehr Ă€hnliche Strukturen, vorwiegend in Form von Granula und kurzen Filamenten, wurden in postmitotischen Fibroblasten und in Zellen unmittelbar nach der Trypsinierung beobachtet. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Bildung dieser Vimentin-Filament-Zwischenstufen von Plectin abhĂ€ngig war, da sie nur in Plectin-positiven Zellen zu beobachten war. ZusĂ€tzlich beobachtete ich in mitotischen Zellen multipolare Spindeln in Plectin-defizienten, jedoch nicht in Wildtyp-Zellen. WĂ€hrend der Großteil der Wildtyp-Zellen nach der Cytokinese eine ungleiche Verteilung des Vimentin-Netzwerks auf die Tochterzellen zeigte, wurde eine wesentlich gleichmĂ€ĂŸigere Verteilung in Plectin-knockout Zellen beobachtet. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Mitose in Plectin-knockout Fibroblasten schneller als in Wildtyp-Zellen ablief. Die in meiner Arbeit prĂ€sentierten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Plectin nicht nur ein bedeutendes Organisationselement der IF-Netzwerk-Cytoarchitektur darstellt, sondern auch eine wichtige Rolle bei dynamischen Prozessen des IF-Netzwerks spielt.The cytolinker protein plectin plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the cytoskeleton by interlinking intermediate filaments (IFs) with other cytoskeletal network systems, and anchoring them to the plasma membrane. It also serves as a scaffolding platform for signaling cascades, and may well have also a function in IF network assembly and dynamics. The plectin molecule, with its high molecular weight (>500,000), has a three-domain organization, where a central α-helical rod domain is flanked by two terminal globular domains. Harboring a unique phosphorylation site for protein kinase Cdk1 and binding sites for different IF proteins and for a variety of proteins involved in signaling, plectin’s C-terminal domain consisting of six structural repeats (R1-6) is of strategic functional importance. Depending on the species, there are at least 13 cysteines in plectin's C-terminal domain, 4 of which reside in the repeat domain 5 (R5). Cysteines may play an important role in stabilizing the protein structure and conformation. The first part of the thesis was focused on the purification and crystallization of the plectin fragments harboring the IF-binding site. All recombinant proteins were purified by at least one purification step and homogeneity of the proteins used for crystallization was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography. Extensive crystallization screening revealed that only a cysteine-free version of plectin R5 and a fragment corresponding to repeat domains R4-5 were able to form crystals. However, only small rod-shaped or clustered needle-shaped crystals occurred. Neither optimizing crystallization conditions nor macroseeding led to crystals with dimensions appropriate for collecting X-ray diffraction data. In the second part, I investigated the structural and biological functions of R5 cysteines and the effects of plectin nitrosylation on vimentin-binding and involvement in IF collapse using biochemical and functional analyses. Performing cysteine to serine mutagenesis and biochemical analyses I showed that the four cysteines of R5 can form intra- and intermolecular disulfide bridges. In addition it could be shown that the single cysteine in vimentin as well as the cysteines in R5 formed disulfide bonds between each other. However, vimentin-binding was significantly more efficient when R5 was in its reduced form, probably reflecting distinct conformations of the reduced and the nonreduced forms. Out of the four cysteines in R5 only one (Cys4) was found to be particularly reactive with respect to disulfide bridges formation ability and serving as a target for nitrosylation in vitro. Using immortalized endothelial cells, I could show that endogenous plectin is the target of S-nitrosylation in vivo and I found that NO donor-induced IF collapse proceeded dramatically faster in plectin-deficient compared to wild-type cells. Additionally, I observed that actin stress fibers accumulated in the center of the cells upon NO donor treatment. By measuring the amount of NO released from endothelial cells upon eNOS stimulation, I found that NO production was dramatically reduced in plectin-deficient compared to wild-type cells. NO release correlated with the expression level of eNOS and its activation status. Also the distribution of eNOS corresponded with its activation in both cell types, as it was localized at the cell periphery in plectin-deficient cells (inactive form) and diffusely distributed in wild-type cells (active form). In a third part of my thesis I studied the effects of plectin phosphorylation on vimentin-binding and on IF network formation and dynamics. Using an in vitro binding assay I found that vimentin and plectin phosphorylation by Cdk1 (a typical mitotic event) influenced the interaction of both proteins. In particular, phosphorylated vimentin in the presence of phosphorylated plectin R5-6 led to the formation of globule-like structures of various sizes. Very similar structures, mainly in the form of granules and squiggles were observed in newly spreading postmitotic fibroblasts and in cells after trypsinization/replating. I could show that the formation of these vimentin intermediates were plectin dependent, as they showed association with plectin and were not observed in the absence of plectin. In addition in mitotic cells I observed multipolar spindles in plectin-deficient contrary to wild-type cells. Moreover, while the majority of wild-type cells undergoing cytokinesis showed an uneven distribution of the vimentin network to their daughter cells, a much more even distribution was observed in plectin knockout cells. Also I found that mitosis progressed faster in plectin knockout compared to wild-type fibroblasts. The data presented in my thesis suggest that plectin is not only a major organizing element of the IF network cytoarchitecture, but also has an important function in IF network assembly and dynamics
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