5 research outputs found
Nonflammable, antistatic, and heat-sealable film
Antistatic, heat-sealable, nonflammable films prepared from polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride resin
Da redução da incerteza estratĂ©gica Ă perpetuação da exclusĂŁo: a relevância dos fatores ideacionais na análise de polĂtica externa From the reduction of strategic uncertainty to the consolidation of exclusion: the relevance of ideational factors in foreign policy analysis
O objetivo do artigo Ă© discutir a relevância dos fatores ideacionais nos debates da subárea de análise de polĂtica externa. O argumento central aponta que os fatores ideacionais assumem relevância crescente nos debates de polĂtica externa, porque um nĂşmero cada vez maior de especialistas da subárea de análise de polĂtica externa - predominantemente autores neoinstitucionalistas, construtivistas "moderados" e pĂłs-estruturalistas envolvidos nessas discussões - concebeu que as ideias podem ter impacto sobre o conteĂşdo e os rumos de polĂticas externas ao oferecer mapas que ampliam a clareza dos atores sobre objetivos ou a relação entre meios e fins em condições de incerteza, afetar resultados de situações estratĂ©gicas em que nĂŁo há um Ăşnico equilĂbrio e generalizar padrões de comportamento quando incorporadas em instituições (enfoque neoinstitucionalista). Podem tambĂ©m regular o comportamento polĂtico dos Estados e construir suas identidades e interesses de polĂtica externa, de forma que tais fatores ideacionais podem ser vistos como endĂłgenos Ă interação. Os ambientes em que os atores estĂŁo envolvidos podem ser concebidos como ideacionais em vez de apenas materiais e constituir as propriedades básicas desses atores. O significado de forças materiais tambĂ©m pode depender de ideias compartilhadas (enfoque construtivista. As ideias podem ainda ser entendidas como construções de práticas discursivas relacionadas Ă formulação e Ă execução da polĂtica externa e, assim, legitimar o poder e a soberania e perpetuar a marginalização e a exclusĂŁo da diferença (enfoque pĂłs-estruturalista).<br>The main purpose of this article is to discuss the relevance of ideational factors in Foreign Policy Analysis. The main idea indicates that ideational factors are gradually relevant in foreign policy debates, because a growing number of foreign policy analysts - mainly neo-institutionalists, "moderate" constructivists and poststructuralists - conceived that ideas can: 1) have impact on the content of foreign policy because they bring maps that enhance actors' clarity about their objectives and the relation between means and ends in conditions of uncertainty, affect results in multiple equilibrium situations and generalize patterns of behavior when they are embedded in institutions (neo-institutionalist perspective); 2) regulate the political behavior of states and construct their foreign policy identities and interests, so that those ideational factors can be seen as endogenous to interaction. The environments in which actors are involved can be conceived as ideational instead of only material environments and construct the basic properties of those actors. The meaning of material forces can also depend on shared ideas (constructivist perspective); 3) can be seen as constructions of discursive practices related to the formation and the execution of foreign policy and legitimate power and sovereignty and strengthen t he marginalization a nd exclusion o f d ifference (poststructuralist perspective)
Formation of C-C bonds via iridium-catalyzed hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation
The formation of C–C bonds via catalytic hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation enables carbonyl and imine addition in the absence of stoichiometric organometallic reagents. In this review, iridium-catalyzed C–C bond-forming hydrogenations and transfer hydrogenations are surveyed. These processes encompass selective, atom-economic methods for the vinylation and allylation of carbonyl compounds and imines. Notably, under transfer hydrogenation conditions, alcohol dehydrogenation drives reductive generation of organoiridium nucleophiles, enabling carbonyl addition from the aldehyde or alcohol oxidation level. In the latter case, hydrogen exchange between alcohols and π-unsaturated reactants generates electrophile–nucleophile pairs en route to products of hydro-hydroxyalkylation, representing a direct method for the functionalization of carbinol C–H bonds