Date Fruit Production and Consumption: A Perspective on Global Trends and Drivers from a Multidimensional Footprint Assessment

Date production and consumption is mostly diffused in Middle East and Northern African countries. Date production is linked to the land and water footprint in countries where agricultural land and freshwater are scarce. We estimate the global land, green water, blue water, and water scarcity footprint at the country scale from a production perspective. We show that production trends are increasingly driven by foreign demand. By tracking the international trade dynamics of dates, we map the shift of environmental footprint from the producing to the consuming countries. We find that dates production and consumption are not yet decoupled from the associated environmental burden. Global dates consumption accounted for 1.4 million hectares of agricultural land, 5.8 Gm(3) of green water, 7.5 Gm(3) of blue water, and the related impact on water scarcity reached 358 Gm(3) world equivalent in 2019. The primacy of the economic driver is revealed, indicating that in the case of dates, the environmental sustainability aspects are currently overlooked for the sake of the economic benefit. The time-series analysis provides informative results to support policymakers in the design of mitigation strategies that can help the achievement of the SDGs

Sub-National Scale Initiatives for Climate Change Mitigation: Refining the Approach to Increase the Effectiveness of the Covenant of Mayors

Climate change mitigation strategies include sub-national initiatives proposed and operated by municipalities. An example of such initiatives is the Covenant of Mayors, the signatories of which are requested to compile territorial greenhouse gas emission inventories to identify entry points for mitigating policies and to be able to monitor their effectiveness over time. However, the current accounting approach presents some limitations, providing an incomplete picture of the territorial emissive status, thus hampering the mitigation potential of the set of measures. The present study shows that the current approach required by the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) guidelines for compiling the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) can be complemented with the accounting guidelines proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in order to fill existing gaps and provide a comprehensive picture from a different point of view. The proposed refinement demonstrates that local administrative bodies can count on a tool able to provide detailed and accurate information, stimulate knowledge and awareness, and optimize local mitigation efforts sometimes limited by the application of large scale (national) top-down initiatives

Stimulating environmental degradation: a global study of resource use in cocoa, coffee, tea and tobacco supply chains

Industrial Ecolog

LCA based circularity indices of systems at different scales: a holistic approach

Many are the definitions of Circular Economy as well as the policies and strategies for its implementation. However, gaps still exist in quantifying the effects of circularity. The existing approaches are usually sector- or product-specific, limited to microscale systems, and/or fail to simultaneously assess the environmental impacts of the studied system. This paper introduces a generally applicable method in which a set of LCA-based indices of circularity are able to detect the effects of circularity/symbiosis strategies on the environmental performance of meso- and macro-systems. These indices quantify the overall system's circularity level by comparing the impacts of a system in which the components interact with each other (with a certain level of circularity) with an equivalent linear system (where no circularity takes place). The method works both on existing and projected systems, being able to track the effects of future circularity policies. This method obviates the limitations and the gaps mentioned above: it applies to meso- and macro-systems, it is not bound to a specific sector, it allows to capture the environmental impacts, and it is sensitive to the temporal dimension. This approach provides a tool to inform managers and policymakers for planning circularity actions and monitor their effectiveness while also capturing the temporal dimension

Global virtual water trade of avocado

This paper investigates the relationship between international trade of avocado and the related virtual water trade over the period 2000–2016. Using a Physical Trade Analysis, we show that commercial and virtual water trade grew rapidly moving almost hand-in-hand in the years taken into account: in parallel with a remarkable increase of international trade of avocado from 0.4 Mt in 2000 to 1.9 Mt in 2016, the global virtual water trade of avocado increased from 408 Mm3 to 2238 Mm3 over the same period. The analysis emphasizes a large disparity between developed and developing countries, with the former being net importer of water and the latter large net exporter. In particular, large avocado-related water flows move from countries already under chronic water stress such as Mexico, Peru and Chile towards more water-rich regions such as US, Japan, Canada and the European Union. As a consequence, the overexploitation of water underlying the avocado trade flows may end up worsening environmental conditions in many relatively poor countries in which the export of avocado is often regarded as an important source of economic growth

Effects of different Danish food consumption patterns on Water ScarcityFootprint

Food production and consumption have been recognized as a major source of environmental impacts. To ensure food security and a sustainable food system, dietary changes have been identified as one of the valuable strategies to reduce impacts on the environment while promoting human health. The vast majority of scientific literature has been focused on the effects of food consumption on climate change while neglecting to assess the degree of water scarcity impacts due to water consumption embodied in food. The research paper investigates the nexus between food consumption and impacts on water consumption adding important findings to a more recent growing body of studies estimating the water footprint (WF) of different dietary scenarios. This study uses the Water Footprint Network methodology and the AWARE (Available Water REmaining) characterization model to assess both the WF and the blue WSF (water scarcity footprint), respectively, of four Danish diets: standard, carnivore, vegetarian and vegan. In order to make them comparable, a total intake of 2000 kcal person 1 day 1 was set as energetic reference for all the diet scenarios considered. Using detailed trade and production data of agri-foods, we were able to assess the location of primary production and consequently to reveal countries mainly affected by water scarcity associated with import to satisfy Danish diets consumption. We found that while the vegan scenario scored the best environmental profile requiring 1489 L/cap/day calculated with the volumetric WF approach, it has the largest potential impacts on blue WSF of 10,477 LH20-eq/cap/day. This study has shown that more than 90% of impacts on water consumption occur outside the national borders, as a consequence of large quantities of fruits and nuts imported by countries already threatened by high water scarcity conditions such as USA and Mediterranean regions. This methodological approach may be used to compare environmental performances of recommended dietary guidelines and to assess impact scenarios of new trade policies, protecting local water scarcity levels

Investigating environment-society-economy relations in time series in Europe using a synthetic input-state-output framework

The design, evaluation and monitor of actions, plans and policies aimed at improving countries’ progress at both national and international level is a hard task to achieve and requires a variety of tools. Part of the complexity of progress assessment is due to the necessity to measure its economic, social, and environmental aspects. The latest international agreements, such as the European Green Deal, highlight the current need of tools capable of measuring progress for groups of countries avoiding the arbitrariness and loss of information commonly due to aggregation of economic, social, and environmental indicators. Besides this, it is necessary to reconsider the sole use of macroeconomic indicators (e.g., GDP) for measuring progress. These indicators should be flanked by complementary ones, able to capture important environmental and social aspects (e.g., equity, life satisfaction, and responsibilities for negative impacts). Here, we apply an Input-State-Output framework to assess the Environment-Society-Economy relations across European countries in time series (2006–2015) by using two different sets of indicators. Our study presents a synthetic framework that enables coexistence of various information and reveals differences in progress evaluation and monitoring, which result from the use of different indicators. This suggests the current need for policy action tailored to the different situations and needs of different European countries. The possibility to adopt multiple perspectives while performing the analysis is a key feature of this tool. By using two alternative sets of indicators, we produced a more complete picture of countries’ progress. The outputs resulting from such versatile tool may be used for sharing good practices among the European countries, acting on progress across the three dimensions of sustainability, and evaluating the effects of policy efforts

Effect of age on hemoglobin levels and quality of life following treatment with epoetin alfa in cancer patients

A subgroup analysis comparing elderly (age > or =70 years; n=95) with younger (age <70 years; n=390) patients was performed on data from a prospective, multicenter, open-label study assessing the effects of once-weekly epoetin alfa 40,000 International Units (IU) for 16-20 weeks on hemoglobin (Hb) levels and quality of life (QoL) in anemic adult patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors. There were significant increases in mean Hb levels at 4, 8, 12, 16-20 weeks in both age groups (p<0.0001), but no significant differences between groups (p=0.7). No significant difference was observed in terms of blood transfusion rates across the study between elderly and younger patients (3.2% vs 6.7%, p=0.2). Although QoL was lower in elderly patients at baseline, the relative percentage increases in QoL scores during treatment were similar for both age groups. Thus, once-weekly epoetin alfa was equally effective in treating chemotherapy-related anemia in elderly and younger adult patients, with similar tolerability