North Dakota and the Korean War, 1950-1951: A Study in Public Opinion

Frequently one hears reference to North Dakota the isolationist state. Indeed, North Dakota\u27s vociferous opposition to World Wars I and II and its Senator Gerald P. Nye\u27s investigations of the munitions industry all warrant the description of North Dakota as an isolationist state. But what of the cold war period when the enemy was Asiatic rather than European? This study of the first year of the Korean War is an attempt to determine what North Dakotans thought about fighting a war in Asia. The press which had been divided over the involvement of the United States in earlier wars now uniformly supported America\u27s involvement. It is not surprising that a majority of the individual citizens writing letters opposed the war. Support for the war among individuals came mainly from large cities, especially Fargo and Grand Forks. Opposition to the war was voiced by small town citizens and farmers writing poorly constructed letters. Although North Dakotans again proved to be isolationist in the first year of the Korean War they opposed the war not so much because they thought it was fostered by eastern financiers and industrialists to make a profit as was the case prior to World War I--but because subversion in the State Department due to ineptitude and bungling had committed American soldiers to an Asian land war which North Dakotans felt they could not win and one in which they did not belong

How do treadmill speed and terrain visibility influence neuromuscular control of guinea fowl locomotion?

Locomotor control mechanisms must flexibly adapt to both anticipated and unexpected terrain changes to maintain movement and avoid a fall. Recent studies revealed that ground birds alter movement in advance of overground obstacles, but not treadmill obstacles, suggesting context-dependent shifts in the use of anticipatory control. We hypothesized that differences between overground and treadmill obstacle negotiation relate to differences in visual sensory information, which influence the ability to execute anticipatory manoeuvres. We explored two possible explanations: (1) previous treadmill obstacles may have been visually imperceptible, as they were low contrast to the tread, and (2) treadmill obstacles are visible for a shorter time compared with runway obstacles, limiting time available for visuomotor adjustments. To investigate these factors, we measured electromyographic activity in eight hindlimb muscles of the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris, N=6) during treadmill locomotion at two speeds (0.7 and 1.3 m s−1) and three terrain conditions at each speed: (i) level, (ii) repeated 5 cm low-contrast obstacles (90% contrast, black/white). We hypothesized that anticipatory changes in muscle activity would be higher for (1) high-contrast obstacles and (2) the slower treadmill speed, when obstacle viewing time is longer. We found that treadmill speed significantly influenced obstacle negotiation strategy, but obstacle contrast did not. At the slower speed, we observed earlier and larger anticipatory increases in muscle activity and shifts in kinematic timing. We discuss possible visuomotor explanations for the observed context-dependent use of anticipatory strategies

Electromagnetic compatibility of implantable neurostimulators to RFID emitters

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The objective of this study is to investigate electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of implantable neurostimulators with the emissions from radio frequency identification (RFID) emitters.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six active implantable neurostimulators with lead systems were tested for susceptibility to electromagnetic fields generated by 22 RFID emitters. These medical devices have been approved for marketing in the U.S. for a number of intended uses that include: epilepsy, depression, incontinence, Parkinsonian tremor and pain relief. Each RFID emitter had one of the following carrier frequencies: 125 kHz, 134 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The test results showed the output of one of the implantable neurostimulators was inhibited by 134 kHz RFID emitter at separation distances of 10 cm or less. The output of the same implantable neurostimulator was also inhibited by another 134 kHz RFID emitter at separation distances of 10 cm or less and also showed inconsistent pulsing rate at a separation distance of 15 cm. Both effects occurred during and lasted through out the duration of the exposure.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The clinical significance of the effects was assessed by a clinician at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The effects were determined to be clinically significant only if they occurred for extended period of time. There were no observed effects from the other 5 implantable neurostimulators or during exposures from other RFID emitters.</p

A randomized clinical trial of auricular point acupressure for chronic low back pain : a feasibility study

Author name used in this publication: Lorna Kwai-Ping Suen2012-2013 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalVersion of RecordPublishe

Above- and below-ground vertebrate herbivory may each favour a different subordinate species in an aquatic plant community

At least two distinct trade-offs are thought to facilitate higher diversity in productive plant communities under herbivory. Higher investment in defence and enhanced colonization potential may both correlate with decreased competitive ability in plants. Herbivory may thus promote coexistence of plant species exhibiting divergent life history strategies. How different seasonally tied herbivore assemblages simultaneously affect plant community composition and diversity is, however, largely unknown. Two contrasting types of herbivory can be distinguished in the aquatic vegetation of the shallow lake Lauwersmeer. In summer, predominantly above-ground tissues are eaten, whereas in winter, waterfowl forage on below-ground plant propagules. In a 4-year exclosure study we experimentally separated above-ground herbivory by waterfowl and large fish in summer from below-ground herbivory by Bewick’s swans in winter. We measured the individual and combined effects of both herbivory periods on the composition of the three-species aquatic plant community. Herbivory effect sizes varied considerably from year to year. In 2 years herbivore exclusion in summer reinforced dominance of Potamogeton pectinatus with a concomitant decrease in Potamogeton pusillus, whereas no strong, unequivocal effect was observed in the other 2 years. Winter exclusion, on the other hand, had a negative effect on Zannichellia palustris, but the effect size differed considerably between years. We suggest that the colonization ability of Z. palustris may have enabled this species to be more abundant after reduction of P. pectinatus tuber densities by swans. Evenness decreased due to herbivore exclusion in summer. We conclude that seasonally tied above- and below-ground herbivory may each stimulate different components of a macrophyte community as they each favoured a different subordinate plant species

Orientation angle and the adhesion of single gecko setae

We investigated the effects of orientation angle on the adhesion of single gecko setae using dual-axis microelectromechanical systems force sensors to simultaneously detect normal and shear force components. Adhesion was highly sensitive to the pitch angle between the substrate and the seta's stalk. Maximum lateral adhesive force was observed with the stalk parallel to the substrate, and adhesion decreased smoothly with increasing pitch. The roll orientation angle only needed to be roughly correct with the spatular tuft of the seta oriented grossly towards the substrate for high adhesion. Also, detailed measurements were made to control for the effect of normal preload forces. Higher normal preload forces caused modest enhancement of the observed lateral adhesive force, provided that adequate contact was made between the seta and the substrate. These results should be useful in the design and manufacture of gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives with anisotropic properties, an area of substantial recent research efforts

O comércio de mapas na França e na Grã Bretanha durante o século XVIII The map trade in France and Great Britain in the Eighteenth Century

Esse artigo analisa as formas de produção de mapas na França e na Inglaterra durante o século XVIII. Discute a formação e os mecanismos de atuação dos geógrafos e topógrafos, bem como os mecanismos de produção, reprodução e comércio de mapas na época.<br>This article analyses the map production in France and England in the Eighteenth Century. Presents the training methods and the daily life of geographers and surveyors, also the map's production, reproduction and trade at that time