If Trees Could Vote

If trees could vote, every good forester could be elected President. But what about people

The intra-uterine device in Soweto and other townships

The complex of townships of Soweto (South-Western Townships), a few miles from Johannesburg, is inhabited solely by Blacks belonging to virtually all the tribes found in South Africa, though Zulus and Sothos predominate, The variation of adaptation to modern Western life ranges from close to tribal background, to completely Westernised and highly educated. About a quarter of a million people inhabit Soweto illegally. There are no slums, but Soweto is far from ideal. Nevertheless there is steady, rapid advancement, responsibilities are being accepted, attitudes are changing and the blessings of family spacing and limitation are generally understood. The family planning service is a great success. The performance of the intra-uterine device (IUD) is discussed against a background of well over 25000 insertions, A Lippes loop series and a Dalkon Shield evaluation are presented. Insertions into nulliparous young women, and post-Caesarean cases are discussed, and the importance of the IUD in a mass family planning programme emphasised.S. Afr. Med. J., 48, 1302 (1974)

Classic Article: A bathythermograph

In the study of the homogeneous layer in the ocean, Rossby and Montgomery (1935) found it desirable to have an instrument which would provide a continuous record of temperature against pressure in the surface layers of the ocean. A preliminary instrument named an “oceanograph” was constructed and used during the summer of 1934. The manifold uses to which such an instrument could be put presaged a widespread employment of the apparatus. This, however, did not come about because of certain inherent difficulties in Rossby’s design. The record was made on a large smoked foil, and thus entailed the attachment of multiplying linkages to the actuating elements for pressure and temperature. Such multiplying linkages are uncertain in action in seawater, and, furthermore, the size of the instrument to accommodate them must necessarily be fairly great..

A detailed study of the surface layers of the ocean in the neighborhood of the Gulf Stream with the aid of rapid measuring hydrographic instruments

In an earlier communication in this Journal the writer reported on a Bathythermograph for obtaining continuous records of temperature against depth in the first 150 meters of the ocean (Spilhaus 1937). While further development of this preliminary instrument revealed it to be rather critical to vibration, the results obtained with it, some of which were reported in the paper cited above, were sufficient to indicate the desirability of further studies and development along these lines. Abrupt changes in the vertical temperature distribution with very small changes in horizontal distance together with extremely complex temperature structure in the vertical were observed in the surface layers...

Note on the flow of streams in a rotating system

Certain similarity of\u27 the observed fl ow in the ocean and in the atmospherr to the behavior of\u27 a wake stream, for which a complete, experimentally verified theory is available (1), led Rossby (2) to initiate the extension of the wake stream idea first to a rotating system and secondly, to a stratified medium. Several interesting predictions were made by Rossby as a result of his theoretica l investigation; and it was the purpose of the experiments carried out by the autho1, to in vestigate to what extent these predictions could be verified in the laboratory. The experiments were of an exploratory nature and the conclusions can in no way be rega rded as final

A bathythermograph

In the study of the homogeneous layer in the ocean, Rossby1 found it desirable to have an instrument which would provide a continuous record of temperature against pressure in the surface layers of the ocean. A preliminary instrument named an oceanograph was constructed and used during the summer of 1934. The manifold uses to which such an instrument could be put presaged a widespread employment of the apparatus. This, however, did not come about because of certain inherent difficulties in Rossby\u27s design. The record was made on a large smoked foil, and thus entailed the attachment of multiplying linkages to the actuating elements for pressure and temperature. Such multiplying linkages are uncertain in action in sea water, and, furthermore, the size of the instrument to accommodate them must necessarily be fairly great. At Prof. Rossby\u27s suggestion, the author attempted to modify the oceanograph so that it would be more suitable for routine use. The modifications were made with the following aims in view:...

The sea sampler

The original sea sampler, as described by Spilhaus (1940), consisted of six bottles, each built somewhat like a small version of a standard Nansen bottle. These surrounded a cylinder containing a releasing block which was operated by an ordinary bathythermograph pressure element. The tripping block, which was moved by the pressure element, was scored and grooved to accommodate a series of triggers, one for each bottle, which closed the stop-cocks in turn as the whole instrument reached predetermined pressures...

Underwater turbidity measurements

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1960.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-29).by Athelstan F. Spilhaus, Jr.M.S

Observations of light scattering in sea water.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics. Thesis. 1965. Ph.D.Ph.D

Living in Living Cities

This paper presents an overview of current and potential applications of living technology to some urban problems. Living technology can be described as technology that exhibits the core features of living systems. These features can be useful to solve dynamic problems. In particular, urban problems concerning mobility, logistics, telecommunications, governance, safety, sustainability, and society and culture are presented, while solutions involving living technology are reviewed. A methodology for developing living technology is mentioned, while supraoptimal public transportation systems are used as a case study to illustrate the benefits of urban living technology. Finally, the usefulness of describing cities as living systems is discussed.Comment: 40 pages, 4 figures, overview pape