193 research outputs found

    The Hypolipidemic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Boronated Aromatic Amino Acids in CF1 Male Mice

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    The boronated aromatic amino acids were shown to be potent hypolipidemic agents in mice lowering both serum cholesterol and triglycerides after 16 days. Selective compounds were as effective as the clinical standards. Furthermore, the compounds were effective anti-inflammatory agents reducing local and central pain as well as suppressing LPS induced endotoxic shock in mice. These agents inhibited lysosomal and proteolytic enzymes of the liver and macrophages as a part of their mechanism of action

    The Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of the Sodium Salt and Copper (II) Complex of N-[(Trimethylamineboryl)-Carbonyl]-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester

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    Sodium N-[(trimethylamineboryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanine 2 and {N-[(trimethylamineboryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanyl- carbxylato}-bis-{N-[(trimethylaminebryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanine} dicopper (II) 3 were successfully synthesized. The agents blocked L1210 leukemic cell DNA and RNA syntheses by inhibiting multiple enzyme activities for nucleic acid synthesis, e.g. PRPP amido transferase, IMP dehydrogenase, DNA polymerase α, thymidine kinase, and TMP kinase. The copper (II) complex 3 demonstrated improved ability to inhibit L1210 partially purified DNA topoisomerase II compared to the parent compound while the sodium salt was inactive at 100 μM

    Cytotoxic Action of Carboxyborane Heterocyclic Amine Adducts

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    The heterocyclic carboxyborane amines were found to be potent cytotoxic agents in the murine L1210 lymphoid leukemia and human HeLa suspended carcinoma cells. These agents were observed to inhibit HeLa DNA topoisomerase II activity ~ 200 μM and L1210 topoisomerase II activity ≥ 100 μM. These agents did not cause DNA protein linked breaks themselves, but upon incubation for 14-24 hr did enhance the ability of VP-16 to cause cleavable complexes. The heterocyclic amineboranes inhibited DNA synthesis and caused DNA strand scission. They were additive with VP-16 in affording these results as well as inhibiting colony growth of L1210 cells after co-incubation for 1 hr. The agents inhibited in vitro PKC phosphorylation of both L1210 lymphoid leukemia and human topoisomerase II enzyme

    The Pharmacological Activities of the Metabolites of N-[(Trimethylamineboryl)-Carbonyl]-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester

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    The metabolites of N-[(trimethylamineboryl)-carbonyl]-L-phenylalanine methyl ester 1 proved to be active in a number of pharmacological screens where the parent had previously demonstrated potent activity. The proposed metabolites demonstrated significant activity as cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory agents. In cytotoxicity screens several of the proposed metabolites afforded better activity than the parent compound against the growth of suspended and solid tumor cell lines. Evaluation of in vivo hypolipidemic activity demonstrated that the proposed metabolites of 1 were only moderately active and were generally less effective than the parent compound. Interestingly, L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride 3, which contains no boron atom, demonstrated equivalent hypolipidemic activity as the parent at 8 mg/kg/day in CF1 male mice. As anti-inflammatory agents the proposed metabolites demonstrated variable capacities to reduce foot pad inflammation. These compounds were similarly effective as the parent 1 at blocking local pain and were generally better than the parent at protecting CF1 male mice from LPS induced sepsis

    The fate of the distal aorta after repair of acute type A aortic dissection

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    ObjectivesThe residual aorta’s behavior after repair of acute type A dissection is incompletely understood. We analyzed segmental growth rates, distal reoperation, and factors influencing long-term survival.MethodsOne hundred seventy-nine consecutive patients (70% male; mean age, 60 years) with acute type A dissection underwent aggressive resection of the intimal tear and open distal anastomosis (1986-2003). Hospital mortality was 13.4%. Survivors had serial computed tomographic scans: digitization yielded distal segmental dimensions. Segment-specific average rates of enlargement and factors influencing faster growth were analyzed. Distal reoperations and patient survival were examined.ResultsEighty-nine (57%) patients had imaging data sufficient for growth rate calculations. The median diameters after repair were as follows: aortic arch, 3.6 cm; descending aorta, 3.7 cm; and abdominal aorta, 3.2 cm. Subsequent growth rates were 0.8, 1.0, and 0.8 mm/y, respectively. Initial size of greater than 4 cm (P = .005) and initial diameter of less than 4 cm with a patent false lumen (P = .004) predicted greater growth in the descending aorta, and male sex (P = .05) significantly affected growth in the abdominal aorta. No significant factors were found for the aortic arch. There were 25 distal aortic reoperations (16 patients), and risk of reoperation was 16% at 10 years. Risk factors reducing long-term survival after repair of acute type A dissection included age (P < .0001), new neurological deficit at presentation (P = .04), absence of preoperative thrombus in the false lumen of the ascending aorta (P = .03), and a patent distal false lumen postoperatively (P = .06) but not distal reoperation.ConclusionsGrowth of the distal aorta after repair of acute type A dissection is typically slow and linear. Distal reoperation is uncommon, and late risk of death is approximately twice that of a healthy population

    Wie beeinflusst Sorption die Metabolisierung von Alanin durch mikrobielle Gruppen?

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    Mikrobieller Abbau ist ein wesentlicher Transformationsprozess der organischen Bodensubstanz. Sorption von niedermolekularen organischen Substanzen wie Alanin an Mineraloberflächen kann diese vor dem mikrobiellen Abbau und Mineralisierung schützen. Somit wäre Sorption ein entscheidender Stabilisierungsprozess für die organische Bodensubstanz. Dennoch ist es für Mikroorganismen möglich, niedermolekulare organische Substanzen von Mineraloberflächen zu desorbieren. Das exakte Prozessgefüge dieser Desorption und mikrobiellen Verwertung, aber auch die involvierten mikrobiellen Gruppen sind jedoch weitestgehend unbekannt. Wir verwendeten positionsspezifisch C-13-markiertes Alanin, dessen Mineralisation zu CO2 und dessen Einbau in Phospholipid-Fettsäuren (PLFAs) quantifiziert wurde, um die mikrobielle Verwendung von sorbiertem und nicht-sorbiertem Alanin im Boden zu unterscheiden. Um die durch die Sorption bedingten Veränderungen der Verfügbarkeit und Metabolisierung des Alanins zu erfassen, wurden einheitlich- und positionsspezifisch C-13- und C-14-markiertes Alanin in einem Ap-Horizont einer lehmigen Parabraunerde über 10 Tage inkubiert. Das CO2 aus der Respiration wurde in NaOH-Fallen erfasst und dessen C-14-Aktivität bestimmt. Die Verwendung der funktionellen Gruppen des Alanins durch die verschiedenen mikrobiellen Gruppen wurde mittels C-13-PLFA Analyse ermittelt. Keine der mikrobiellen Gruppen bevorzugte das unsorbierte Alanin gegenüber dem sorbierten – der Großteil der Gruppen inkorporierte die gleiche Menge in ihre PLFAs. So zeigten beispielsweise Gram negative Bakterien eine hohe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit hinsichtlich des Alanins, allerdings keine Präferenz bezüglich des Unsorbierten. Nur die Gruppe der Pilze inkorporierten signifikant mehr sorbiertes Alanin: Sie sind prädestiniert dafür, Mineraloberfläche zu umwachsen und daran sorbierte Substanzen mit ihren Hyphen aufzunehmen. Diese Präferenz ist mit einem veränderten Abbauweg, der über Glukoneogenese und den Pentose-Phosphat-Weg führt, verbunden. Sorption kann zu einer kurzfristigen Verzögerung des Abbaus kleiner geladener Moleküle führen, jedoch ist kein langfristiger Stabilisierungseffekt erkennbar. Die meisten mikrobiellen Gruppen nehmen sowohl sorbiertes und nicht-sorbiertes Alanin im gleichen Maße auf und nur einzelne Gruppen, wie Pilze, haben sich auf die präferentielle Aufnahme sorbierter Substanzen spezialisiert

    Transepithelial Transport and Metabolism of Boronated Dipeptides Across Caco-2 and HCT-8 Cell Monolayers

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    Oral delivery of proteins and peptides as therapeutic agents is problematic due to their low bioavailability. This study examined the effect of boronation on the transepithelial transport and metabolism of three glycine-phenylalanine dipeptides in Caco-2 and HCT-8 cell monolayers. The three dipeptides exhibited passive transport characteristics in the monolayer systems. However, metabolism of the boronated dipeptides did occur, but to a lesser extent than the non-boronated glycine-phenylalanine dipeptide. The same metabolic scheme was seen in both cell monolayer system, but greater metabolism was seen in the HCT-8 cell monolayers

    Nitrogen Gain and Loss Along an Ecosystem Sequence: From Semi-desert to Rainforest

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    Plants and microorganisms, besides the climate, drive nitrogen (N) cycling in ecosystems. Our objective was to investigate N losses and N acquisition strategies along a unique ecosystem-sequence (ecosequence) ranging from arid shrubland through Mediterranean woodland to temperate rainforest. These ecosystems differ in mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperate, and vegetation cover, but developed on similar granitoid soil parent material, were addressed using a combination of molecular biology and soil biogeochemical tools. Soil N and carbon (C) contents, δ15N signatures, activities of N acquiring extracellular enzymes as well as the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi, and diazotrophs in bulk topsoil and rhizosphere were determined. Relative fungal abundance in the rhizosphere was higher under woodland and forest than under shrubland. This indicates toward plants' higher C investment into fungi in the Mediterranean and temperate rainforest sites than in the arid site. Fungi are likely to decompose lignified forest litter for efficient recycling of litter-derived N and further nutrients. Rhizosphere—a hotspot for the N fixation—was enriched in diazotrophs (factor 8 to 16 in comparison to bulk topsoil) emphasizing the general importance of root/microbe association in N cycle. These results show that the temperate rainforest is an N acquiring ecosystem, whereas N in the arid shrubland is strongly recycled. Simultaneously, the strongest 15N enrichment with decreasing N content with depth was detected in the Mediterranean woodland, indicating that N mineralization and loss is highest (and likely the fastest) in the woodland across the continental transect. Higher relative aminopeptidase activities in the woodland than in the forest enabled a fast N mineralization. Relative aminopeptidase activities were highest in the arid shrubland. The highest absolute chitinase activities were observed in the forest. This likely demonstrates that (a) plants and microorganisms in the arid shrubland invest largely into mobilization and reutilization of organically bound N by exoenzymes, and (b) that the ecosystem N nutrition shifts from a peptide-based N in the arid shrubland to a peptide- and chitin-based N nutrition in the temperate rainforest, where the high N demand is complemented by intensive N fixation in the rhizosphere

    Einfluss räumlicher Heterogenität von Phosphor auf die mikrobielle P‑Aufnahme und die Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft in Waldböden

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    Neben Stickstoff ist Phosphor (P) das wichtigste wachstumslimitierende Nährelement in Böden. Dennoch gibt es wenig Information über die räumliche Heterogenität des P-Gehaltes in Waldböden. Darüber hinaus ist der Effekt einer homogenen versus heterogenen P‑Verteilung im Boden auf die mikrobielle P‑Akquirierung und Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft weitgehend unbekannt. Ein Rhizotronexperiment mit P-armem Waldboden wurde durchgeführt um konkurrierende P‑Aufnahmestrategien von Mikroorganismen zu untersuchen. Um den Effekt räumlicher P‑Heterogenität auf pflanzliche und mikrobielle P‑Aufnahme zu eruieren wurden mit F.sylvatica bepflanzte Rhizotrone mit P‑33‑Eisen(III)phosphat, einer relativ immobilen P Quelle, in verschiedenen räumlichen Verteilungen markiert. Die P‑Mobilisierung durch Mikroorganismen wurde mittels einer verbesserten P-33-PLFA-Methode verfolgt, welche die P‑33‑Inkorporierung in Mikroorganismen mit Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in situ verbindet. Die mikrobielle P-Aufnahme war erhöht in Rhizotronen mit hoher P‑Verfügbarkeit, sowie in solchen mit heterogener P‑Verteilung. Charakteristische PLFA weisen auf eine Akkumulation von Ektomykorrhizapilzen, typischerweise assoziiert mit Buchenwurzeln, in P‑reichen Arealen hin. Diese Ektomykorrhizzapilze führen wahrscheinlich zu einer starken Zunahme der P‑Mobilisierung des ausgebrachten P‑33‑Eisen(III)phosphats in stark P-haltigen Habitaten. Im Gegensatz hierzu benötigen Habitate mit niedriger P-Verfügbarkeit eine komplexer zusammengesetzte mikrobielle Gemeinschaft um unzugängliche P-Quellen zu mobilisieren. Entsprechend fördern hohe P‑Vorkommen die Bildung von Pilzhyphen zur P-Mobilisierung – ein Effekt, der mit sinkendem P-Gehalt abnimmt. Des Weiteren zeigen grampositive und ‑negative Bakterien eine massiv erhöhte P‑Aufnahme unter zunehmend heterogenen P-Verteilungen. Sie stellen jedoch einen kleineren Anteil der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft als in homogen P‑angereicherten Rhizotronen, was auf einen Vorteil filamentöser Organismen bei heterogener P-Verteilung hindeutet. Entsprechend fördert eine heterogene P-Verteilung in Waldböden die P-Aufnahme mikrobieller Gemeinschaften aus mineralischen P-Quellen mit geringer biologischer Verfügbarkeit in Waldböden
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