New cases of probable skeletal tuberculosis from the Neolithic period in Hungary : a morphological study

The aim of this study is to present new data on the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Neolithic period of Hungary. The authors present results of the paleopathological investigation of skeletal remains from the Tisza culture tell settlement of Vésztô-Mágor, one of the largest Neolithic tells of the Great Hungarian Plain. The remains of 30 individuals were examined using standard macromorphological methods of bioarchaeology. Before the paleopathological examination of the series, sex and age at death of individuals and state of preservation of the observable skeletal elements were also recorded. In spite of the poor state of preservation, the osteoarchaeological series of Vésztô-Mágor showed a wide range of paleopathological alterations: skeletal traces of degenerative articular changes, traumas, haematological and infectious diseases were observed. This presentation focuses on 4 probable tuberculous cases. Most of the detected alterations (rib lesions, superficial vertebral changes/hypervascularisation and endocranial alterations) can be considered as atypical or early-stage TB lesions. Although a positive correlation seems to exist between these alterations and TB, they are not always pathognomonic to tuberculosis. These results contribute to improving our knowledge on the occurrence of TB in prehistoric populations of Hungary

Tuberkulózissal összefüggésbe hozható endocranialis csontelváltozások vizsgálata a Robert J. Terry Anatomical Skeletal Collection-ben (Washington, DC, USA)

Despite significant advances in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), it still presents a global health emergency. Therefore, a renewed interest and funding to the research of the disease and of its aetiological agents, including the palaeopathological diagnostics for TB, has sparked since the late 20th century to eliminate or at least control TB in the future. Traditionally, the palaeopathological diagnosis of TB relies on the identification of pathological lesions in the skeleton. Although a number of endocranial bony alterations, namely abnormally pronounced digital impressions (APDIs), periosteal appositions (PAs), abnormal blood vessel impressions (ABVIs), and granular impressions (GIs) have been attributed to TB in the palaeopathological literature, the diagnostic value of these lesions has more recently been questioned, as their precise aetiology is still a matter of controversy, and similar or even the same morphological features can be found in non-TB-related cases. In the last three decades, the Terry Collection has been used to define and refine palaeopathological diagnostic criteria for TB, however, the possible TB-associated endocranial alteration types were beyond the scope of the aforementioned research projects. To expand our knowledge and understanding about the development of the four probable TB-related endocranial alteration types and to improve their palaeopathological interpretation, as well as to contribute to strengthening their diagnostic value in the identification of TB in human osteoarchaeological material, a detailed investigation was performed on all individuals recorded to have died of TB in the Terry Collection (TB group), and on a control group consisting of randomly selected specimens from the remaining skeletons of the Terry Collection, identified to have died of causes other than TB (NTB group). The evaluation of the selected skeletons focused on the macromorphological characteristics and on the frequencies of the possible TB-associated endocranial alteration types, as well as of their co-occurrence with each other and with non-endocranial bony changes probably related to TB. All the examined endocranial alteration types, as well as their association with each other and with non-endocranial lesions occurred significantly more frequently in the TB group compared to the NTB group; therefore, all of them can be used as diagnostic criteria for TB in the palaeopathological practice, especially when they simultaneously occur with each other and/or with probable TB-related non-endocranial bony changes. Our findings fit in with those of previous studies concerning the specificity of the examined lesions: APDIs, PAs, and ABVIs cannot be considered as pathognomonic features of TB and have a weaker diagnostic value compared to GIs, which are TB-specific alterations. In summary, our results contribute to facilitating the establishment of a more reliable and accurate palaeopathological diagnosis of TB

White plague among the “forgotten people” from the Barbaricum of the Carpathian Basin–Cases with tuberculosis from the Sarmatian-period (3rd–4th centuries CE) archaeological site of Hódmezővásárhely–Kenyere-ér, Bereczki-tanya (Hungary)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is well-known in the palaeopathological record because it can affect the skeleton and consequently leaves readily identifiable macroscopic alterations. Palaeopathological case studies provide invaluable information about the spatio-temporal distribution of TB in the past. This is true for those archaeological periods and geographical regions from when and where no or very few TB cases have been published until now–as in the Sarmatian period (1 st –5 th centuries CE) in the Barbaricum of the Carpathian Basin. The aim of our paper is to discuss five newly discovered TB cases ( HK199 , HK201 , HK225 , HK253 , and HK309 ) from the Sarmatian-period archaeological site of Hódmezővásárhely–Kenyere-ér, Bereczki-tanya (Csongrád-Csanád county, Hungary). Detailed macromorphological evaluation of the skeletons focused on the detection of bony changes likely associated with different forms of TB. In all five cases, the presence of endocranial alterations (especially TB-specific granular impressions) suggests that these individuals suffered from TB meningitis. Furthermore, the skeletal lesions observed in the spine and both hip joints of HK225 indicate that this juvenile also had multifocal osteoarticular TB. Thanks to the discovery of HK199 , HK201 , HK225 , HK253 , and HK309 , the number of TB cases known from the Sarmatian-period Carpathian Basin doubled, implying that the disease was likely more frequent in the Barbaricum than previously thought. Without the application of granular impressions, the diagnosis of TB could not have been established in these five cases. Thus, the identification of TB in these individuals highlights the importance of diagnostics development, especially the refinement of diagnostic criteria. Based on the above, the systematic macromorphological (re-)evaluation of osteoarchaeological series from the Sarmatian-period Carpathian Basin would be advantageous to provide a more accurate picture of how TB may have impacted the ancestral human communities of the Barbaricum