The influence of dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulphide in the bouquet of wines

Sensory evaluation of DMS added to wines at very low concentrations has shown that addition of 0.022 μl · l-1 resulted in statistically more favoured wines than those with no, or 0.044 μl · l-1 added DMS. This shows that low concentrations of DMS can have a beneficial effect on the quality of some wines.The concentration of CS2 necessary to give any sensory response was higher than that observed in any commercial wine.The threshold of smell for DMS in distilled water was found tobe 7.5 x 10-5 μl · l-1 (0.08 ppb) while that for taste was 4 x 10-4 μl · l-1 (0.4 ppb).Der Einfluß von Dimethylsulfid und Schwefelkohlenstoff auf das WeinaromaBei der sensorischen Beurteilung von Weinen, denen Dimethylsulfid in sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen zugesetzt worden war, wurden jene mit 0,022 μl · l-1 vor solchen ohne oder mit 0,044 μl · l-1 Dimethylsulfid bevorzugt. Geringe DMS-Mengen können demnach die Weinqualität positiv beeinflussen.Die sensorisch wahrnehmbare Schwefelkohlenstoffkonzentration war höher als die in den Weinen gefundenen Mengen.Der Geruchsschwellenwert für Dimethylsulfid in Aqua dest. betrug 7,5 x 10-5 μl · l-1, der Geschmacksschwellenwert dagegen 4 x 10-4 μl· l-1

Uptake and metabolism of 35S-sulphate by wine yeast

The 35S-labelled metabolites obtained by growing three strains of wine yeast in a medium with 35S-sulphate as the sole source of sulphur were methionine, cystine, cystathionine, glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine. Two further compounds were separated and thought to be adducts of sulphite associated non-metabolically with cell wall components.The yeast strains were chosen to represent high sulphide formation, high sulphite formation and a combination of low sulphite and sulphide formation. Comparison of the relative 35S activities of the compounds formed by each strain suggested that sulphide production could be explained in terms of a lowered rate of synthesis of methionine and its activated metabolites leading to lowered control over the production of sulphite reductase. Lowered SAM and methionine production allowing derepression of ATP sulphurylase, together with the reported low activity of sulphite reductase in sulphite producing yeast, could be an explanation for sulphite production.Aufnahme und Umsetzung von 35S-Sulfat durch WeinhefenNach Vergärung eines Substrates mit 35S-Sulfat als einziger Schwefelquelle durch drei Weinhefenstämme - viel H2S, viel SO2 und sowohl wenig H2S als auch SO2 bildend - waren folgende Stoffwechselprodukte radioaktiv markiert: Methionin, Cystin, Cystathionin, Glutathion und S-Adenosylmethionin {SAM). Zwei weitere nicht identifizierte Komponenten könnten Anlagerungsprodukte von Sulfit mit Zellwandkomponenten darstellen.Aus der relativen 35S-Aktivität der Stoffwechselprodukte bei den verschiedenen Hefestämmen kann auf eine verminderte Synthese von Methionin und seinen Metaboliten geschlossen werden. Die möglichen Auswirkungen auf die H2S- und SO2- Bildung werden diskutiert

The distribution of dimethyl sulphide in some New Zealand wines

All New Zealand experimental wines of the vintages 1975-1980 tested showed the presence of DMS in at least one vintage year, whether the wines were red or white. There was a general trend for older wines to have a higher probability for the presence of DMS than younger wines. The variability in the presence of DMS was suggested to be related to the processing of the wines. Dimethyl sulphoxide seems to be the precursor of DMS formed during bottle aging.Carbonyl sulphide found in grape juices was thought to be lost during fermentation because of its high volatility.Über das Vorkommen von Dimethylsulfid in einigen neuseeländischen WeinenVon allen auf das Vorkommen von Dimethylsulfirl (DMS) untersuchten neuseeländischen weißen und roten Versuchsweinen der Jahrgänge 1975-1980 zeigte zumindest ein Jahrgang die Anwesenheit dieser Aromakomponente. Ältere Weine scheinen ganz allgemein häufiger DMS zu enthalten als junge. Es wird vermutet, daß die hohe Streubreite von der Weinbereitung abhängt. Dimethylsulfoxid scheint die Vorstufe von DMS zu sein, das während des Alterungsprozesses auf der Flasche entstehen könnte.In einigen Mosten wurde Carbonylsulfid nachgewiesen, das jedoch wegen seiner hohen Flüchtigkeit mit dem Gärgas entweichen dürfte

The formation of volatile sulphur compounds in unclarified grape juice

The evolution of the sulphur gases OCS, CS2 and DMS was monitored during the clarification of freshly harvested juices from Müller-Turgau and Riesling. Immediately after crushing OCS and CS2 levels began to increase, substantially favoured by high temperatures. When fermentation started concentrations decreased. DMS was found only in fermenting juices

The IUPHAR Guide to Immunopharmacology: connecting immunology and pharmacology

Given the critical role that the immune system plays in a multitude of diseases, having a clear understanding of the pharmacology of the immune system is crucial to new drug discovery and development. Here we describe the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Guide to Immunopharmacology (GtoImmuPdb), which connects expert-curated pharmacology with key immunological concepts and aims to put pharmacological data into the hands of immunologists. In the pursuit of new therapeutics, pharmacological databases are a vital resource to researchers through providing accurate information on the fundamental science underlying drug action. This extension to the existing IUPHAR/British Pharmacological Society Guide to Pharmacology supports research into the development of drugs targeted at modulating immune, inflammatory or infectious components of disease. To provide a deeper context for how the resource can support research we show data in GtoImmuPdb relating to a case study on the targeting of vascular inflammation

A rational roadmap for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development: IUPHAR Review 29.

In this review, we identify opportunities for drug discovery in the treatment of COVID-19 and, in so doing, provide a rational roadmap whereby pharmacology and pharmacologists can mitigate against the global pandemic. We assess the scope for targeting key host and viral targets in the mid-term, by first screening these targets against drugs already licensed, an agenda for drug repurposing, which should allow rapid translation to clinical trials. A simultaneous, multi-pronged approach using conventional drug discovery methods aimed at discovering novel chemical and biological means of targeting a short list of host and viral entities which should extend the arsenal of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This longer term strategy would provide a deeper pool of drug choices for future-proofing against acquired drug resistance. Second, there will be further viral threats, which will inevitably evade existing vaccines. This will require a coherent therapeutic strategy which pharmacology and pharmacologists are best placed to provide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.Welcome Trust 107715/Z/15/

Fueling climate (in)action:How organizations engage in hegemonization to avoid transformational action on climate change

This study examines how organizations avoid the urgent need for transformational action on climate change by engaging in a hegemonization process. To show how this unfolds, we draw from Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, focusing on the case of BP and its engagement with the climate change debate from 1990 to 2015. Our study takes a longitudinal approach to illustrate how BP defended its core business of producing and selling fossil fuel products by enacting three sequential hegemonization strategies. These included: adopting new signifiers; building ‘win-win’ relationships; and adapting nodal points. In doing so, we demonstrate how hegemonic construction enables organizations to both incorporate and evade various types of stakeholder critique, which, we argue, reproduces business-as-usual. Our study contributes to organization studies literature on hegemony by highlighting how the construction of hegemony operates accumulatively over an extended period of time. We also contribute more broadly to conversations around political contests and the natural environment by illustrating how the lack of effective climate responses is shaped by temporal dynamics

IUPHAR-DB: An Open-Access, Expert-Curated Resource for Receptor and Ion Channel Research

[Image: see text] This contribution highlights efforts by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Nomenclature Committee (NC-IUPHAR) to classify human receptors and ion channels, to document their properties, and to recommend ligands that are useful for characterization. This effort has inspired the creation of an online database (IUPHAR-DB), which is intended to provide free information to all scientists, summarized from primary literature by experts

Landscape science: a Russian geographical tradition

The Russian geographical tradition of landscape science (landshaftovedenie) is analyzed with particular reference to its initiator, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876-1950). The differences between prevailing Russian and Western concepts of landscape in geography are discussed, and their common origins in German geographical thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are delineated. It is argued that the principal differences are accounted for by a number of factors, of which Russia's own distinctive tradition in environmental science deriving from the work of V. V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903), the activities of certain key individuals (such as Berg and C. O. Sauer), and the very different social and political circumstances in different parts of the world appear to be the most significant. At the same time it is noted that neither in Russia nor in the West have geographers succeeded in specifying an agreed and unproblematic understanding of landscape, or more broadly in promoting a common geographical conception of human-environment relationships. In light of such uncertainties, the latter part of the article argues for closer international links between the variant landscape traditions in geography as an important contribution to the quest for sustainability