Bal Arılarının Genetik Değişkenliği Üzerine Çalışmalarda Bir Araç Olarak Morfometri

This study was conducted to determine whether the classical morphometric method is a good tool for investigating biodiversity of honey bee or not. The research material was consisted of the worker bee samples collected from 55 apiaries in different locations in Turkey. They were surveyed for only two morphometric characters. Due to common characters exit in all morphometric studies of honey bee, the wing length and the cubital index were chosen. In our study, phylogenetic tree obtained and the results given in graphics showed that morphometric method was a good tool for studying of morphological genetic variability. But it may be better if it should be replaced by modern geometrik morphometric method. A review concerning the concept of classical and modern morphometric methods were also been emphesized.Bu çalışma yalnızca iki morfometrik karekter aracılığıyla Türkiye bal arısı biyoçeşitliliğini belirlemek, elde edilen sonuçları benzer çalışmaların verileriyle karşılaştırmak ve böylece klasik morfometrik methodun bu tür çalışmalardaki etkinliğini irdelemek amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Çalışma için Türkiye?nin farklı yerlerindeki 55 arılıktan işçi arı örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmaların çoğunda ele alındığı gibi, kubital index ve ön kanat uzunluğu bakımından incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiki analiz sonuçları klasik morfometrik methodun çeşitli yerel sonuçları karşılaştırmak konusundaki etkinliği bakımından hala geçerli bir araç olduğunu, fakat modern geometrik morfometrik method ile değiştirilirse çok daha etkin bir araç olabileceğini göstermiştir. Eserde klasik ve modern morfometrik metodlara ilişkin genel bir değerlendirme de yapılmıştır

Genetic variation and relationships among Turkish water buffalo populations

The genetic variation and relationships among six Turkish water buffalo populations,typical of different regions was assessed using a set of twenty-six heterologous (bovine) microsatellite markers. Between 7 and 17 different alleles were identified per microsatellite in a total of 254 alleles. The average number of alleles across all loci in all the analyzed populations was found to be 12.57. The expected mean heterozygosity (HE) per population was between 0.5 and 0.58. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed for 44 locus-population combinations. Population differentiation was analyzed by estimation of the FST index (values ranging from 0.053 to 0.123) among populations. In the PCA analysis the Merzifon population showed the highest differentiation compared to the others. Also some individuals of the Danamandira population appeared clearly separated. Instead Afyon, Coskun, Pazar and Thural populations represented one single cluster. The assignment of individuals to their source populations, performed using the Bayesian clustering approach implemented in STRUCTURE 2.2 software, has evidenced a high differentiation of Merzifon and Danamandira populations as well. The results of this study could be useful for the development of conservation strategies of the Turkish buffalo

Genetic variation and relationships among Turkish water buffalo populations

P>The genetic variation and relationships among six Turkish water buffalo populations, typical of different regions, were assessed using a set of 26 heterologous (bovine) microsatellite markers. Between seven and 17 different alleles were identified per microsatellite in a total of 254 alleles. The average number of alleles across all loci in all the analysed populations was found to be 12.57. The expected mean heterozygosity (H-e) per population ranged between 0.5 and 0.58. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed for 44 locus-population combinations. Population differentiation was analysed by estimation of the F-st index (values ranging from 0.053 to 0.123) among populations. A principal component analysis of variation revealed the Merzifon population to show the highest differentiation compared with the others. In addition, some individuals of the Danamandira population appeared clearly separated, while the Afyon, Coskun, Pazar and Thural populations represented a single cluster. The assignment of individuals to their source populations, performed using the Bayesian clustering approach implemented in the structure 2.2 software, supports a high differentiation of Merzifon and Danamandira populations. The results of this study are useful for the development of conservation strategies for the Turkish buffalo

Genetic characterization of native donkey (Equus asinus) populations of Turkey using microsatellite markers

This study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the Turkish donkey populations. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of Turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. A panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of Turkey. One hundred and forty‐two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. The highest number of alleles was observed in AHT05 (12) and the lowest in ASB02 and HTG06 (4), while ASB17 was monomorphic. The mean HO in the Turkish donkey was estimated to be 0.677, while mean HE was 0.675. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each locus and ranged from 0.36 (locus ASB02) to 0.98 (locus AHT05), which has the highest number of alleles per locus in the present study. The average PIC in our populations was 0.696. The average coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) over the 17 loci was 0.020 ± 0.037 (p < 0.01). The GST values for single loci ranged from −0.004 for LEX54 to 0.162 for COR082. Nei’s gene diversity index (Ht) for loci ranged from 0.445 (ASB02) to 0.890 (AHT05), with an average of 0.696. A Bayesian clustering method, the Structure software, was used for clustering algorithms of multi‐locus genotypes to identify the population structure and the pattern of admixture within the populations. When the number of ancestral populations varied from K = 1 to 20, the largest change in the log of the likelihood function (ΔK) was when K = 2. The results for K = 2 indicate a clear separation between Clade I (KIR, CAT, KAR, MAR, SAN) and Clade II (MAL, MER, TOK, KAS, KUT, KON, ISP, ANT, MUG, AYD and KAH) populations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Yerli koyun ırklarında bulunan genetik çeşitlilik

TÜBİTAK TBAG01.12.2004Bu çalışmada, Türk koyun ırklarında mevcut genetik çeşitlilik 5 mikrosatelit lokusu kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Devlet üretim çiftlikleri, üniversite üretim çiftlikleri ve yerel yetiştiricilerin elinde bulunan sürülerden yerli ve melez onbir Türk ırkı (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Kıvırcık, İvesi, Dağlıç, Karayaka, Hemşin, Norduz, Kangal, Konya Merinosu, Türkgeldi) ile bireyleri Irak'tan getirilmiş yabancı bir ırkı (Hamdani) temsil eden toplam 423 birey bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Bazı ırklar icin birden fazla örnekleme yapılmıştır. Genetik varyasyonun ölçütlerinden beklenen heterozigotluk (HE) 0.686 ile 0.793 arasında, ortalama gözlenen allel sayıları (OAS) ise 5.8 ile 11.8 arasında değişmiştir. Türkiye üzerinde allel frekans dağılımları, evcilleşme merkezlerinden olmuş olabilecek göçlerle beklenen, dogudan batıya geçişli bir değişim göstermemiştir. FST indeksi Akkaraman, Karayaka ve Dağlıç'ta aynı ırkın farklı örneklemelerindeki farklılaşmayı ölçmek için kullanılmıştır ve yetiştirme çiftliğinden alınan Akkarman1'in diğer iki Akkaraman populasyonundan istatistiki önemle (P<0.001) farklı olduğu bulunmuştur. FIS indeksi ile ırklar Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) dengesi açısından test edilmiş, Akkaraman1, İvesi, Morkaraman ve Hemşin'de H-W'den sapma tespit edilmiştir. AMOVA analizi toplam genetik varyasyonun büyük bir kısmının (~% 95) ırk içi bireyleri arasında olduğunu göstermiştir. Parallel sonuçlar ırk ve bireyleri arası genetik ilişkinin incelendiği faktöriyel benzerlik analizi ve allel paylaşım uzaklığı ile de elde edilmiş ve genellikle, ırklar arası belirgin bir fark görülmemiştir. DA genetik uzaklığı ile çizilen komşu birleştirme ağacı ve temel öğeler analizi ise ırklar ve çeşitli örnekleri arası farklılaşmayı incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Özellikle ilk analiz çiftlik örneklerinin farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Delaunay ağı ırklar arasında 4 adet (ikisi coğrafi bariyer ile paralel) genetik sınır belirlemiştir. Sonuçların hepsi Kıvırcık ırkının diğerlerinden çok farklı olduğu yönündedir. Mantel testi ve Darboğaz testi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir sonuç ortaya koymamıştır. Avrupa ırklarının çoğuna genetik olarak en yakın bulunan Kıvırcık örneği olmuştur. Türk ırklarında Avrupa ırklarından yüksek fakat çok da farklı olmayan bir genetik çeşitlilik belirlenmiştir. Bunda son yıllarda koyun sayısında, Türkiye’de, yaşanan hızlı düşüş etkili olmuş olabileceği düşünülmüştür.In this study the genetic diversity in Turkish native sheep breeds was investigated based on fıve microsatellite loci. In total, 423 individuals from 11 native and crossbred Turkish sheep breeds (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Kıvırcık, İvesi, Dağlıç, Karayaka, Hemşin, Norduz, Kangal, Konya Merinosu, Türkgeldi) and one Iraqi breed (Hamdani) were analyzed by sampling from breeding farms and local breeders. For some of the breeds sampling was done more than once. Genetic variation within breeds was estimated by expected heterozygosity (HE), which ranged between 0.686 and 0.793 and by the mean number of observed alleles (MNA), it ranged between 5.8 and 11.8. The allele frequency distribution across Turkey showed no gradient from east to west, gradient was expected in accordance with the migrations from the domestication centers. The differentiation between different samples of Akkaraman, Dağlıç and Karayaka breeds was tested by FST index. Akkaraman1 sample from the breeding farm was significantly (P<0.001) different from the other two Akkaraman samples. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations observed for Akkaraman1, İvesi, Morkaraman and Hemşin breeds. AMOVA analysis revealed that most of the total genetic variation (~95%) was within the individuals of the breeds. In parallel to this observation, when factorial correspondence analysis and shared alleles distances were used to analyze the relationship between the breeds and their individuals, generally, there were no clear discriminations between the breeds. Moreover, neighbour joining tree constructed based on DA genetic distance, and principle component analysis were used to analyze among breed differentiation. The former one emphasized the genetic distinctness of the farm samples. Delaunay network drew 4 genetic boundaries (two of them being parallel to geographic boundaries) between the breeds. All the results indicated that Kıvırcık was the most differentiated breed. Finally, Mantel Test and Bottleneck analysis did not reveal a significant result. Kıvırcık breed, among all native Turkish breeds, was found to be the genetically closest to the European breeds based on the loci analyzed. The genetic variation in Turkish breeds was not much higher than that of European breeds, which might be a consequence of the recent sharp decrease in sheep number, in Turkey

Genetic Diversity of Bee Ecotypes in Turkey and Evidence for Geographical Differences

WOS: 000283884600016Honeybees collected from 56 different areas of Turkey were analysed, using 12 morphometric characters. The multivariate statistical analysis of data and discriminant function analysis established seven different ecotypes spreading according to different coordinates of regions. UPGMA dendrogram based on the Mahalonobis distance showed that the studied colonies were clustered in four main regional groups like A. in. anatoliaca in central Anatolia, A.m. caucasica in the northern Anatolia, A. meda in southern and south-eastern Anatolia and A. in. carnica in the European part of Turkey

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC PARAMETERS AND GENETIC TREND OF HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN CATTLE POPULATION IN TURKEY

WOS: 000465645700032In this study, 194408 lactation and reproductive records of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle for the period of 1992-2012, which were taken from 23752 farms of Cattle Breeders Association of Turkey located in 10 cities, were evaluated. Variance components, breeding values, heritability, and repeatability of 305-day milk yield (305 DMY), lactation length (LL), dry period (DP), and calving interval (CI) were calculated by using MTDFREML. The effects of the factors (year of birth, lactation number, calving month, location, and calving age) that were thought to affect those traits (305 DMY, LL, DP, and CI) were evaluated. The heritability of 305 DMY, LL, DP, and CI was estimated as 0.22; 0.01; 0.01; and <0.01 respectively. Genetic trend for 305 DMY was also estimated as 7.44 kg/year. The estimated breeding values showed irregular fluctuations, but also the genetic trend increased in recent years. As a result, the estimated variance components, genetic parameters and breeding values could be used as selection criteria to increase the success of the selection in breeding studies for Holstein cattle population in Turkey

Genetıc diversity of bee ecotypes in Turkey and evidence for geographical differences

Honeybees collected from 56 different areas of Turkey were analysed, using 12 morphometric characters. The multivariate statistical analysis of data and discriminant function analysis established seven different ecotypes spreading according to different coordinates of regions. UPGMA dendrogram based on the Mahalonobis distance showed that the studied colonies were clustered in four main regional groups like A. m. anatoliaca in central Anatolia, A.m. caucasica in the northern Anatolia, A. m. meda in southern and south-eastern Anatolia and A. m. carnica in the European part of Turkey. © 2010 University of Bucharest

Comparison of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L., 1758) of Trace And Yigilca Region by Using Morphometric Methods

WOS: 000450766000003The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the honey bee biodiversity of Thrace and Yigilca provinces by applying geometric morphometric methods. Totally 2641 worker honeybees were collected from 95 colonies in 19 different apiaries. The wing shape morphology of honey bee population of Turkey was examined by geometric morphometric analysis using the coordinates of 19 landmarks located at vein intersections of the right wing. After obtaining the wings images, the vein junctions were detected automatically. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Univariate analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed on the data obtained from the colony averages by SPSS.15 package program. Tekirdag, Kirklareli and Yigilca honey bee populations compared to the 19 landmark which determined on the right front wing, while the characters A4, B4 and AREA6 are very important to distinguishing the populations, The characters B3, G7, J10, K19, L13, Q21 and CI are not important to revel the differences between groups (P <0.005). Acoording to cross validation test of the colonies from Yigilca, Kirklareli and Tekirdag, honeybee colonies were correctly classified within their original groups at 92.6 %. In the present mean CI value (2.15) of Kirklareli honey bee was found lower than CI value (2.5-2.7) of A. m. carnica honey bees' CI value. This value found in the present coincidence with the value CI (2.15) related to A. m. caucasica subspecies. According to these results, honey bee biodiversity in Turkey might be affected significantly from commercial queen bee sales. it is important to take necessary precautions about the protection of gene resources in order to protect bee genetic resources naturally found in Turkey

Forming Linear Type Scoring of Anatolian Water Buffalo Raised in Istanbul

WOS: 000453168000017In this study, morphological traits of water buffalo population raised Istanbul included in community based Anatolian Water Buffalo Improvement Program were investigated. In the project material of this study, by using several parameters obtained from body measurements linear type scoring system related to morphological trait were formed. Measurements have been done on 412 heads Anatolian and Mediterranean (Italian) water buffalos which are raised in Istanbul's 5 districts, 11 villages and 30 enterprises. On the other hand, in the Anatolian Water Buffalo, linear scoring applied as, on the first lactation is 88 heads, the second and above are 285 heads and first and second lactation are 39 heads on Italian Water Buffalo. Nine features, which are withers height (cm), chest width (cm), body depth (cm), body length (cm), heel height (cm), rump width (cm), haunch lump width (cm), rear udder height (cm), front udder length (cm), have been measured by measure stick and tape in terms of cm and they have been indexed to from 1 to 9 points according to the scale obtained by range. With this aim for each trait measured in the material, difference of the highest (Max) and the lowest (Min) were found 9 points for related range (SG) for each trait. Benefiting from this range, with the help of metrically measured value (X) for every treatment is calculated as (Point=1+[(X-Min)/SG]). The other six features of buffalos which are, rear leg angular, rear leg stance, front udder placement, front udder connection, rear udder placement, udder base placement have been graded from 1 to 9 point scoring system which obtained by modifying the cattle Scoring system. As a result, average height at withers, body depth, body length, rump width, haunch lump width in the first lactation of Anatolian Water Buffalo were found as 132 cm, 73 cm, 136 cm, 21 cm, 53 cm, respectively. The general scoring is 100 points. The general scoring constituted of three main divisions (body constitute (%30), foot and leg constitute (%30), udder constitute (%40). Moreover the body constitute is divided into four subdivisions, foot and leg constitute is divided into five and udder constitute is divided into six subdivisions. Looking in general scores, average general score of Italian Water Buffalo in first and second lactations with average general score of Anatolian Water Buffalo in the second and above lactations were calculated as 70 points. Average general score of Anatolian Water Buffalo in the first lactation is found as 57 points