Bartonella Clarridgeiae Bacteremia Detected In An Asymptomatic Blood Donor

Human exposure to Bartonella clarridgeiae has been reported only on the basis of antibody detection. We report for the first time an asymptomatic human blood donor infected with B. clarridgeiae, as documented by enrichment blood culture, PCR, and DNA sequencing.531352356Maggi, R.G., Duncan, A.W., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Novel chemically modified liquid medium that will support the growth of seven Bartonella species (2005) J Clin Microbiol, 43, pp. 2651-2655. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.6.2651-2655.2005Drummond, M.R., Pitassi, L.H., Lania, B.G., Dos Santos, S.R., Gilioli, R., Velho, P.E., Detection of Bartonella henselae in defibrinated sheep blood used for culture media supplementation (2011) Braz J Microbiol, 42, pp. 430-432. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000200003Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., Lipman, D.J., Basic local alignment search tool (1990) J Mol Biol, 215, pp. 403-410Dalton, M.J., Robinson, L.E., Cooper, J., Regnery, R.L., Olson, J.G., Childs, J.E., Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national referral center (1995) Arch Intern Med, 155, pp. 1670-1676Breitschwerdt, E.B., Maggi, R.G., Chomel, B.B., Lappin, M.R., Bartonellosis: An emerging infectious disease of zoonotic importance to animals and human beings (2010) J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio), 20, pp. 8-30. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00496.xChamberlin, J., Laughlin, L.W., Romero, S., Solorzano, N., Gordon, S., Andre, R.G., Pachas, P., Watts, D., Epidemiology of endemic Bartonella bacilliformis: A prospective cohort study in a Peruvian mountain valley community (2002) J Infect Dis, 186, pp. 983-990. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344054Maggi, R.G., Ericson, M., Mascarelli, P.E., Bradley, J.M., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a mother and son potentially associated with tick exposure (2013) Parasit Vectors, 6, p. 101. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-101Scott, M.A., McCurley, T.L., Vnencak-Jones, C.L., Hager, C., McCoy, J.A., Anderson, B., Collins, R.D., Edwards, K.M., Cat scratch disease: Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in archival biopsies from patients with clinically, serologically, and histologically defined disease (1996) Am J Pathol, 149, pp. 2161-2167Slater, L.N., Welch, D.F., Min, K.W., Rochalimaea henselae causes bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis (1992) Arch Intern Med, 152, pp. 602-606Sander, A., Zagrosek, A., Bredt, W., Schiltz, E., Piemont, Y., Lanz, C., Dehio, C., Characterization of Bartonella clarridgeiae flagellin (FlaA) and detection of antiflagellin antibodies in patients with lymphadenopathy (2000) J Clin Microbiol, 38, pp. 2943-2948Kordick, D.L., Hilyard, E.J., Hadfield, T.L., Wilson, K.H., Steigerwalt, A.G., Brenner, D.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Bartonella clarridgeiae, a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen causing inoculation papules, fever, and lymphadenopathy (cat scratch disease) (1997) J Clin Microbiol, 35, pp. 1813-1818Margileth, A.M., Baehren, D.F., Chest-wall abscess due to cat-scratch disease (CSD) in an adult with antibodies to Bartonella clarridgeiae: Case report and review of the thoracopulmonary manifestations of CSD (1998) Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp. 353-357. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514671Chomel, B.B., Mac Donald, K.A., Kasten, R.W., Chang, C.C., Wey, A.C., Foley, J.E., Thomas, W.P., Kittleson, M.D., Aortic valve endocarditis in a dog due to Bartonella clarridgeiae (2001) J Clin Microbiol, 39, pp. 3548-3554. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.10.3548-3554.2001Gillespie, T.N., Washabau, R.J., Goldschmidt, M.H., Cullen, J.M., Rogala, A.R., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease (2003) J Am Vet Med Assoc, 222, pp. 47-51. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.47, 35Robinson, M.T., Hillman, T., Langton, D.A., Shaw, S.E., Bartonella clarridgeiae in a cat in the UK (2009) Vet Rec, 164, pp. 58-59. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.2.58Sykes, J.E., Westropp, J.L., Kasten, R.W., Chomel, B.B., Association between Bartonella species infection and disease in pet cats as determined using serology and culture (2010) J Feline Med Surg, 12, pp. 631-636. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.04.003Fouch, B., Coventry, S., A case of fatal disseminated Bartonella henselae infection (cat-scratch disease) with encephalitis (2007) Arch Pathol Lab Med, 131, pp. 1591-1594Boudebouch, N., Sarih, M., Beaucournu, J.C., Amarouch, H., Hassar, M., Raoult, D., Parola, P., Bartonella clarridgeiae, B. Henselae, and Rickettsia felis in fleas from Morocco (2011) Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 105, pp. 493-498. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000038Kordick, D.L., Brown, T.T., Shin, K., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chronic Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in cats (1999) J Clin Microbiol, 37, pp. 1536-1547Chomel, B.B., Carlos, E.T., Kasten, R.W., Yamamoto, K., Chang, C.C., Carlos, R.S., Abenes, M.V., Pajares, C.M., Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in domestic cats from the Philippines (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg, 60, pp. 593-597Dehio, C., Bartonella interactions with endothelial cells and erythrocytes (2001) Trends Microbiol, 9, pp. 279-285. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02047-9Dehio, C., Meyer, M., Berger, J., Schwarz, H., Lanz, C., Interaction of Bartonella henselae with endothelial cells results in bacterial aggregation on the cell surface and the subsequent engulfment and internalisation of the bacterial aggregate by a unique structure, the invasome (1997) J Cell Sci, 110 (18), pp. 2141-2154Braga Mdo, S., Diniz, P.P., André, M.R., Bortoli, C.P., Machado, R.Z., Molecular characterisation of Bartonella species in cats from São Luís, state of Maranhão, North-Eastern Brazil (2012) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 107, pp. 772-777. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762012000600011Eremeeva, M.E., Gerns, H.L., Lydy, S.L., Goo, J.S., Ryan, E.T., Mathew, S.S., Ferraro, M.J., Koehler, J.E., Bacteremia, fever, and splenomegaly caused by a newly recognized Bartonella species (2007) N Engl J Med, 356, pp. 2381-2387. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa065987Chomel, B.B., Boulouis, H.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Kasten, R.W., Vayssier-Taussat, M., Birtles, R.J., Koehler, J.E., Dehio, C., Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation of Bartonella species to their hosts and vectors (2009) Vet Res, 40, p. 29. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2009011Breitschwerdt, E.B., Maggi, R.G., Duncan, A.W., Nicholson, W.L., Hegarty, B.C., Woods, C.W., Bartonella species in blood of immunocompetent persons with animal and arthropod contact (2007) Emerg Infect Dis, 13, pp. 938-941. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.061337Carson, J.L., Grossman, B.J., Kleinman, S., Tinmouth, A.T., Marques, M.B., Fung, M.K., Holcomb, J.B., Djulbegovic, B., Red blood cell transfusion: A clinical practice guideline from the AABB (2012) Ann Intern Med, 157, pp. 49-58. , http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201206190-00429Ramirez-Arcos, S., Goldman, M., Blajchman, M., Bacterial contamination (2012) Transfusion Reaction, 4, pp. 153-189. , Popovsky MA (ed), American Association Of Blood Banks, Bethesda, MDVamvakas, E.C., Blajchman, M.A., Transfusion-related mortality: The ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention (2009) Blood, 113, pp. 3406-3417. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-167643Magalhães, R.F., Cintra, M.L., Barjas-Castro, M.L., Del Negro, G.M., Okay, T.S., Velho, P.E., Blood donor infected with Bartonella henselae (2010) Transfus Med, 20, pp. 280-282. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2010.01001.xMagalhães, R.F., Pitassi, L.H., Salvadego, M., De Moraes, A.M., Barjas-Castro, M.L., Velho, P.E., Bartonella henselae survives after the storage period of red blood cell units: Is it transmissible by transfusion? (2008) Transfus Med, 18, pp. 287-291. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2008.00871.xLin, J.W., Chen, C.M., Chang, C.C., Unknown fever and back pain caused by Bartonella henselae in a veterinarian after a needle puncture: A case report and literature review (2011) Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11, pp. 589-591. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0217Oliveira, A.M., Maggi, R.G., Woods, C.W., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Suspected needle stick transmission of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii to a veterinarian (2010) J Vet Intern Med, 24, pp. 1229-1232. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0563.xOhl, M.E., Spach, D.H., Bartonella quintana and urban trench fever (2000) Clin Infect Dis, 31, pp. 131-135. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313890Daly, J.S., Worthington, M.G., Brenner, D.J., Moss, C.W., Hollis, D.G., Weyant, R.S., Steigerwalt, A.G., O'Connor, S.P., Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. Nov. Isolated from a patient with endocarditis (1993) J Clin Microbiol, 31, pp. 872-881Oksi, J., Rantala, S., Kilpinen, S., Silvennoinen, R., Vornanen, M., Veikkolainen, V., Eerola, E., Pulliainen, A.T., Cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella grahamii in an immunocompromised patient (2013) J Clin Microbiol, 51, pp. 2781-2784. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00910-13Breitschwerdt, E.B., Mascarelli, P.E., Schweickert, L.A., Maggi, R.G., Hegarty, B.C., Bradley, J.M., Woods, C.W., Hallucinations, sensory neuropathy, and peripheral visual deficits in a young woman infected with Bartonella koehlerae (2011) J Clin Microbiol, 49, pp. 3415-3417. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00833-11Raoult, D., Roblot, F., Rolain, J.M., Besnier, J.M., Loulergue, J., Bastides, F., Choutet, P., First isolation of Bartonella alsatica from a valve of a patient with endocarditis (2006) J Clin Microbiol, 44, pp. 278-279. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.44.1.278-279.2006Welch, D.F., Carroll, K.C., Hofmeister, E.K., Persing, D.H., Robison, D.A., Steigerwalt, A.G., Brenner, D.J., Isolation of a new subspecies, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. Arupensis, from a cattle rancher: Identity with isolates found in conjunction with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti among naturally infected mice (1999) J Clin Microbiol, 37, pp. 2598-2601Probert, W., Louie, J.K., Tucker, J.R., Longoria, R., Hogue, R., Moler, S., Graves, M., Fritz, C.L., Meningitis due to a "Bartonella washoensis"-like human pathogen (2009) J Clin Microbiol, 47, pp. 2332-2335. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00511-09Kosoy, M., Morway, C., Sheff, K.W., Bai, Y., Colborn, J., Chalcraft, L., Dowell, S.F., Petersen, L.R., Bartonella tamiae sp. Nov., a newly recognized pathogen isolated from three human patients from Thailand (2008) J Clin Microbiol, 46, pp. 772-775. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02120-07Maggi, R.G., Kosoy, M., Mintzer, M., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Isolation of Candidatus Bartonella melophagi from human blood (2009) Emerg Infect Dis, 15, pp. 66-68. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1501.081080Lin, E.Y., Tsigrelis, C., Baddour, L.M., Lepidi, H., Rolain, J.M., Patel, R., Raoult, D., Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and endocarditis (2010) Emerg Infect Dis, 16, pp. 500-503. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081673Breitschwerdt, E.B., Maggi, R.G., Cadenas, M.B., De Paiva Diniz, P.P., A groundhog, a novel Bartonella sequence, and my father's death (2009) Emerg Infect Dis, 15, pp. 2080-2086. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.AD151

Bartonella Spp. Bacteremia In Blood Donors From Campinas, Brazil

Bartonella species are blood-borne, re-emerging organisms, capable of causing prolonged infection with diverse disease manifestations, from asymptomatic bacteremia to chronic debilitating disease and death. This pathogen can survive for over a month in stored blood. However, its prevalence among blood donors is unknown, and screening of blood supplies for this pathogen is not routinely performed. We investigated Bartonella spp. prevalence in 500 blood donors from Campinas, Brazil, based on a cross-sectional design. Blood samples were inoculated into an enrichment liquid growth medium and sub-inoculated onto blood agar. Liquid culture samples and Gram-negative isolates were tested using a genus specific ITS PCR with amplicons sequenced for species identification. Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana antibodies were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence. B. henselae was isolated from six donors (1.2%). Sixteen donors (3.2%) were Bartonella-PCR positive after culture in liquid or on solid media, with 15 donors infected with B. henselae and one donor infected with Bartonella clarridgeiae. Antibodies against B. henselae or B. quintana were found in 16% and 32% of 500 blood donors, respectively. Serology was not associated with infection, with only three of 16 Bartonella-infected subjects seropositive for B. henselae or B. quintana. Bartonella DNA was present in the bloodstream of approximately one out of 30 donors from a major blood bank in South America. Negative serology does not rule out Bartonella spp. infection in healthy subjects. Using a combination of liquid and solid cultures, PCR, and DNA sequencing, this study documents for the first time that Bartonella spp. bacteremia occurs in asymptomatic blood donors. Our findings support further evaluation of Bartonella spp. transmission which can occur through blood transfusions.91Breitschwerdt, E.B., Maggi, R.G., Chomel, B.B., Lappin, M.R., Bartonellosis: an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic importance to animals and human beings (2010) J Vet Emerg Crit Care, 20, pp. 8-30Chomel, B.B., Boulouis, H.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Kasten, R.W., Vayssier-Taussat, M., Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation of Bartonella species to their hosts and vectors (2009) Vet Res, 40, p. 29Boulouis, H.J., Chang, C.C., Henn, J.B., Kasten, R.W., Chomel, B.B., Factors associated with the rapid emergence of zoonotic Bartonella infections (2005) Vet Res, 36, pp. 383-410Maggi, R.G., Mozayeni, B.R., Pultorak, E.L., Hegarty, B.C., Bradley, J.M., Bartonella spp. bacteremia and rheumatic symptoms in patients from Lyme disease-endemic region (2012) Emerg Infect Dis, 18, pp. 783-791Breitschwerdt, E.B., Maggi, R.G., Lantos, P.M., Woods, C.W., Hegarty, B.C., Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a father and daughter with neurological disease (2010) Parasit Vectors, 3, p. 29Garcia-Caceres, U., Garcia, F.U., Bartonellosis. An immunodepressive disease and the life of Daniel Alcides Carrion (1991) Am J Clin Pathol, 95, pp. S58-66Pitassi, L.H., Cintra, M.L., Ferreira, M.R., Magalhaes, R.F., Velho, P.E., Blood cell findings resembling Bartonella spp (2010) Ultrastruct Pathol, 34, pp. 2-6Maggi, R.G., Mascarelli, P.E., Pultorak, E.L., Hegarty, B.C., Bradley, J.M., Bartonella spp. bacteremia in high-risk immunocompetent patients (2011) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 71, pp. 430-437Harms, A., Dehio, C., Intruders below the radar: molecular pathogenesis of Bartonella spp (2012) Clin Microbiol Rev, 25, pp. 42-78Pulliainen, A.T., Dehio, C., Persistence of Bartonella spp. stealth pathogens: from subclinical infections to vasoproliferative tumor formation (2012) FEMS Microbiol Rev, 36, pp. 563-599Duncan, A.W., Maggi, R.G., Breitschwerdt, E.B., A combined approach for the enhanced detection and isolation of Bartonella species in dog blood samples: pre-enrichment liquid culture followed by PCR and subculture onto agar plates (2007) J Microbiol Methods, 69, pp. 273-281Magalhaes, R.F., Pitassi, L.H., Salvadego, M., de Moraes, A.M., Barjas-Castro, M.L., Bartonella henselae survives after the storage period of red blood cell units: is it transmissible by transfusion? (2008) Transfus Med, 18, pp. 287-291Pitassi, L.H., Magalhaes, R.F., Barjas-Castro, M.L., de Paula, E.V., Ferreira, M.R., Bartonella henselae infects human erythrocytes (2007) Ultrastruct Pathol, 31, pp. 369-372Kordick, D.L., Brown, T.T., Shin, K., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chronic Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in cats (1999) J Clin Microbiol, 37, pp. 1536-1547Oliveira, A.M., Maggi, R.G., Woods, C.W., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Suspected needle stick transmission of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii to a veterinarian (2010) J Vet Intern Med, 24, pp. 1229-1232Lin, J.W., Chen, C.M., Chang, C.C., Unknown fever and back pain caused by Bartonella henselae in a veterinarian after a needle puncture: a case report and literature review (2011) Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11, pp. 589-591Arvand, M., Schad, S.G., Isolation of Bartonella henselae DNA from the peripheral blood of a patient with cat scratch disease up to 4 months after the cat scratch injury (2006) J Clin Microbiol, 44, pp. 2288-2290Lantos, P.M., Maggi, R.G., Ferguson, B., Varkey, J., Park, L.P., Detection of Bartonella species in the blood of veterinarians and veterinary technicians: a newly recognized occupational hazard? (2014) Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 14, pp. 563-570Chamberlin, J., Laughlin, L.W., Romero, S., Solorzano, N., Gordon, S., Epidemiology of endemic Bartonella bacilliformis: a prospective cohort study in a Peruvian mountain valley community (2002) J Infect Dis, 186, pp. 983-990Foucault, C., Barrau, K., Brouqui, P., Raoult, D., Bartonella quintana bacteremia among homeless people (2002) Clin Infect Dis, 35, pp. 684-689(2012) Standards for blood banks and transfusion services(2010) Guide to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood componentsMaggi, R.G., Duncan, A.W., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Novel chemically modified liquid medium that will support the growth of seven Bartonella species (2005) J Clin Microbiol, 43, pp. 2651-2655Drummond, M.R., Pitassi, L.H., Lania, B.G., Dos Santos, S.R., Gilioli, R., Detection of Bartonella henselae in defibrinated sheep blood used for culture media supplementation (2011) Braz J Microbiol, 42, pp. 430-432Cadenas, M.B., Maggi, R.G., Diniz, P.P., Breitschwerdt, K.T., Sontakke, S., Identification of bacteria from clinical samples using Bartonella alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (2007) J Microbiol Methods, 71, pp. 147-155Diniz, P.P., Maggi, R.G., Schwartz, D.S., Cadenas, M.B., Bradley, J.M., Canine bartonellosis: serological and molecular prevalence in Brazil and evidence of co-infection with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (2007) Vet Res, 38, pp. 697-710Norman, A.F., Regnery, R., Jameson, P., Greene, C., Krause, D.C., Differentiation of Bartonella-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene (1995) J Clin Microbiol, 33, pp. 1797-1803Varanat, M., Maggi, R.G., Linder, K.E., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Molecular prevalence of Bartonella, Babesia, and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. in dogs with splenic disease (2011) J Vet Intern Med, 25, pp. 1284-1291McGill, S., Wesslen, L., Hjelm, E., Holmberg, M., Auvinen, M.K., Bartonella spp. seroprevalence in healthy Swedish blood donors (2005) Scand J Infect Dis, 37, pp. 723-730Zarkovic, A., McMurray, C., Deva, N., Ghosh, S., Whitley, D., Seropositivity rates for Bartonella henselae, Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii in New Zealand blood donors (2007) Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 35, pp. 131-134Mosepele, M., Mazo, D., Cohn, J., Bartonella infection in immunocompromised hosts: immunology of vascular infection and vasoproliferation (2012) Clin Dev Immunol, 2012, p. 612809Guptill, L., Slater, L., Wu, C.C., Lin, T.L., Glickman, L.T., Experimental infection of young specific pathogen-free cats with Bartonella henselae (1997) J Infect Dis, 176, pp. 206-216Velho, P.E., Pimentel, V., Del Negro, G.M., Okay, T.S., Diniz, P.P., Severe anemia, panserositis, and cryptogenic hepatitis in an HIV patient infected with Bartonella henselae (2007) Ultrastruct Pathol, 31, pp. 373-377Lamas, C., Curi, A., Boia, M., Lemos, E., Human bartonellosis: seroepidemiological and clinical features with an emphasis on data from Brazil—a review (2008) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 103, pp. 221-235Perez, V.C., Diniz, P.P., Pultorak, E.L., Maggi, R.G., Breitschwerdt, E.B., (2013) An unmatched case controlled study of clinicopathologic abnormalities in dogs with Bartonella infectionPerez, C., Hummel, J.B., Keene, B.W., Maggi, R.G., Diniz, P.P., Successful treatment of Bartonella henselae endocarditis in a cat (2010) J Feline Med Surg, 12, pp. 483-486Diniz, P.P., Wood, M., Maggi, R.G., Sontakke, S., Stepnik, M., Co-isolation of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from blood, joint and subcutaneous seroma fluids from two naturally infected dogs (2009) Vet Microbiol, 138, pp. 368-372Ajello, G.W., Feeley, J.C., Hayes, P.S., Reingold, A.L., Bolan, G., Trans-Isolate medium: A new medium for primary culturing and transport of Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae (1984) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 20, pp. 55-58Pultorak, E.L., Maggi, R.G., Mascarelli, P.E., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Serial testing from a 3-day collection period by use of the Bartonella Alphaproteobacteria growth medium platform may enhance the sensitivity of Bartonella species detection in bacteremic human patients (2013) J Clin Microbiol, 51, pp. 1673-1677da Costa, P.S., Brigatte, M.E., Greco, D.B., Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis among healthy population in Minas Gerais, Brazil (2005) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 100, pp. 853-859Perez, C., Maggi, R.G., Diniz, P.P., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Molecular and serological diagnosis of Bartonella infection in 61 dogs from the United States (2011) J Vet Intern Med, 25, pp. 805-810Vermeulen, M.J., Verbakel, H., Notermans, D.W., Reimerink, J.H.J., Peeters, M.F., Evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and cross-reactivity in Bartonella henselae serology (2010) Journal of Medical Microbiology, 59, pp. 743-745Wolf, L.A., Cherry, N.A., Maggi, R.G., Breitschwerdt, E.B., In Pursuit of a Stealth Pathogen: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bartonellosis (2014) Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 36, pp. 33-39Wardrop, K.J., Reine, N., Birkenheuer, A., Hale, A., Hohenhaus, A., Canine and feline blood donor screening for infectious disease (2005) J Vet Intern Med, 19, pp. 135-142Pennisi, M.G., Marsilio, F., Hartmann, K., Lloret, A., Addie, D., Bartonella Species Infection in Cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management (2013) Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, pp. 563-56