An appraisal on quality of life in AIDS patient

Quality of life is the expectation of the individual or society for a good life which outline both positive and negative features of life. Acquired immunodeficiency disease is caused by human retrovirus which was considered as a fat illness before the introduction of proper treatment. Symptoms of the disease include flu like illness, skin rash, sore throat, opportunistic infections, enlarged lymohnodes in necks and so on. According to Who ,since the beginning of pandemic 76 million people have been infected with hiv virus and about 33 million deaths has been reported. At the end of 2019 about 38.0 million people were living with the disease globally. Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment of human immune deficiency virus. The review paper was prepared by referring review and research papers from research gate, pubmed, goggle scholar, science direct and search was based on key words such as AIDS, HAART, Quality of life in Aids patients. Aids was considered as a fatal illness till the introduction of proper treatment regimen. The morbidity, mortality and disease severity was reduced to a great extent by antiretroviral drugs. Quality of life was also seen to be improved in patients. Social support has a positive impact on quality of life. Factors like depression, emotional stress, unemployment, suicidal ideation affect the quality of life in AIDS patients

A detailed study of methotrexate treatment in ectopic pregnancy

Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist, it works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate by interfering with the DNA synthesis. Ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening condition that may cause maternal mortality. The main aim of this review to show the efficacy of systemic methotrexate and shows the importance of methotrexate treatment in management of ectopic pregnancy with surgical treatment and dosage regimen with protocol treatment. The selection criteria of candidates in this review is pregnant women with <5000miu/ml, adrenal mass <4cm, presence of peritoneum <100mland no sign of cardiac activity. Data collections are made from most relevant article between the periods of 1987-2020. Ectopic pregnancy is an emergency condition if not timely diagnosed and most of the cases where identified in first trimester

Carbon nanotubes: A promising novel drug delivery system

Background: CNT’s are nanomaterials that are one-dimensional structure, which are considered to be of the 2nd generation allotrope of carbon. They usually constitute pure carbon and carbon atoms are present in a repetitive manner in a hexagonal pattern and thus make up cylindrical tubes. CNT’s can be functionalized such that bio molecules can be attached on their surfaces by covalent or noncovalent linkages and the needle like shape of the CNT’s enable them to perforate cellular membranes and delivers the carried drug molecules to targeted sites. They have the ability to carry drugs to the specific site as they are hollow and much smaller than blood vessels.Methods: Previously published articles relating carbon nanotubes as an effective drug delivery system have been collected and reviewed.Observations: Some of the important properties of CNT that makes them eligible as a novel nanomaterial for potential drug delivery are their characteristic configuration, excellent functionalisation ability and dynamic surface modification properties. They have high elasticity which enhances the chances of intracellular drug delivery. CNT’s have emerged as an efficient drug delivery system in the field of medicine for targeted delivery of drug molecules to the specific site of action. The large inner volume of CNTs allows enclosing of both low and high molecular weight drugs. It also permits encapsulation of both hydrophilic as well as lipophillic drugs. They have exclusive characteristics like ability to absorb pathogenic molecules and heat conduction that would enhance their use in the medical field

A review of clinical trials registered in India from 2008 to 2022 to describe the first-in-human trials

Aim: This analysis was conducted to review the number, and describe the characteristics of first-in-human (FIH) Phase 1 clinical trials registered in India from 2008 to 2022. Materials and Methods: The data were extracted from the Clinical Trials Registry – India database for all FIH Phase 1 clinical trials registered between 2008 and 2022. Early-phase trials that were not FIH trials (e.g., pharmacokinetic studies and drug–drug interaction studies) were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 1891 trials were retrieved and 220 were included in the analysis. Most of the investigational products were drugs (55%) followed by vaccines (38.2%). The most common therapeutic class of drugs was cancer chemotherapy (19.8%), followed by antimicrobial chemotherapy and endocrinology (18.2% each). The most common vaccine was the influenza vaccine (21.4%), followed by the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine (15.5%). The pharmaceutical industry was the predominant sponsor for most (91%) of the Phase 1 trials. Of the top five sites where most of the Phase 1 trials were conducted, three were private nonacademic centers (cumulatively 31%) and two were tertiary care medical colleges (cumulatively 9%). Conclusion: Phase 1 clinical trials seem to be conducted in India predominantly with industry sponsorship. There is a need to have an alternate ecosystem to take forward molecules that do not receive adequate attention from the industry and molecules that are of national health priority other than areas such as chemotherapy, antimicrobials, and endocrinology. The Indian Council of Medical Research is setting up Phase 1 clinical trial capacity for molecules that predominantly may arise from nonindustry channels