Influência do método de filetagem e categorias de peso sobre rendimento de carcaça, filé e pele da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the processing methods (F-1 = to remove skin with pliers and then to cut in fillets; F-2 = cut in fillet and then to remove skin with knife and pliers help) and weight categories (W-1=250-300 g; W-2=301-350 g; W-3 = 351-400 g and W-4 = 401-450 g), on the carcass (CY), fillet (FY) and skin yield of Nile tilapia. Forty-eight fishes were used in a completely randomized design. There was effect for the processing method, being the F-1 mean (56.43 and 36.67 %) higher to the F-2 (53.46 and 32.89%) for CY and FY respectively. For the weight categories, W-1 (56.49 and 37.34%) and W-2 (56.34 and 36.40%) were superior as compared to W-3 (53.27 and 31.98%) and W-4 (53.71 and 33.42%), respectively for CY and FY. Crude skin percentage, clean and of fleshed were higher for F-2, but there was no effect for weight categories. The F-1 processing method promoted the best yield and skin results, and for the weight categories W-1 and W-2 higher yields

Comparing the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride to a dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride alone in the management of primary root caries

Objective: To compare the efficacy of a new dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride to a positive control dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride alone in arresting and reversing primary root caries lesions in adults. Study design: A total of 3779 subjects from Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil were screened; 284 had at least one leathery primary root caries lesion and were eligible for the study. The new dentifrice contained 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound, and 1450 ppm fluoride, as sodium monofluorophosphate; the matched positive control dentifrice contained 1450 ppm fluoride. One lesion for each subject was selected for inclusion in the study and was examined at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Results: A total of 253 subjects completed the study with 129 of 144 subjects included in the final statistical analysis for the test dentifrice and 124 of 140 for the positive control. The mean age of subjects was 45.7 (+/- 9.19) years and 56.5% were female. After 6 months product use, 70.5% of root caries lesions improved for subjects using the arginine-containing dentifrice compared to 58.1% for subjects using the positive control. The difference in the number of root caries lesions becoming hard in the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.038). Conclusion: A new dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound, and 1450 ppm fluoride, as sodium monofluorophosphate, provided statistically significantly superior efficacy in arresting and reversing active root caries lesions in adults compared to a matched positive control dentifrice containing fluoride alone. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.412S35S41Colgate-Palmolive Compan

Insensitive trypsins are differentially transcribed during Spodoptera frugiperda adaptation against plant protease inhibitors

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is an important pest insect due to high degree of polyphagia. In order to better understand its adaptation mechanism against plant protease inhibitors, bioassays were carried supplementing diet with the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Entada acaciifolia seeds (EATI). In vitro assays showed an increase of proteolytic activity in EATI-fed larvae midgut Moreover, the trypsin enzymes showed insensitivity to inhibition with EATI. In order to understand what genes were overexpressed after chronic exposition to EATI, quantitative RT-PCR analyses were performed and revealed an increase in transcription of two trypsin genes, suggesting its participation in insensitivity of midgut trypsins. Another important result was the expression of one chymotrypsin gene, which is not expressed in control fed-larvae but induced in EATI-fed larvae. New regions of higher molecular weight showing proteolytic activity were visualized in inhibitor-fed larvae by zymography gel electrophoresis, proposing that the new enzymes expressed in response of inhibitor dietary would be formatting oligomers. This is a characteristic also observed in other pest insects that adapt to feed in plant protease inhibitors diet. Additional assays revealed that trypsins from EATI-fed larvae also became insensitive against Kunitz and Bowman-Birk inhibitors from soybean. This result suggests a possible involvement of the same S. frugiperda genes in adaptation against Kunitz and Bowman-Birk inhibitors in their host plants. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16511925Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FINEPFUNDECTFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [2011/09361-0