Fluorescência da clorofila e acúmulo de reservas da var. Cabernet sauvignon em duas regiões de altitude de Santa Catarina

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2017.A Cabernet Sauvignon, uma das variedades de videira (Vitis vinifera L.) com maior área cultivada em regiões de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina, apresenta potencial para produção de vinhos de qualidade em regiões superiores a 900 m de altitude. No entanto, ela vem apresentando menor produtividade em São Joaquim em relação a regiões de menor altitude, principalmente em Campo Belo do Sul. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os teores de clorofila, fluorescência da clorofila e o acúmulo de reservas da variedade Cabernet Sauvignon em duas regiões de altitude de Santa Catarina, São Joaquim (1.400 m) e Campo Belo do Sul (950 m), a fim de elucidar as respostas fisiológicas da variedade às condições climáticas de seu local de cultivo. As áreas experimentais estão na Vinícola Abreu Garcia, em Campo Belo do Sul e na Estação experimental da Epagri, em São Joaquim. Foram coletadas 12 folhas de Cabernet Sauvignon em ambos locais nos períodos da colheita e queda das folhas para realização das análises de fluorescência em folhas adaptadas ao escuro e quantificação dos teores de clorofila. Foram realizadas curvas de resposta à luz em cinco folhas em condições de luz natural, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições por local. Também foi realizada a avaliação de carboidratos e amido em ramos e gemas de Cabernet Sauvignon, coletadas nos períodos de colheita, queda das folhas e poda, em ambos locais. Para isso foi coletado um ramo por planta de quatro plantas em cada época e local. Os teores de clorofila nas folhas de Cabernet Sauvignon foram mais elevados na região de maior altitude no período da colheita. Na queda das folhas não houve diferença entre os locais. Além disso, houve uma diminuição dos valores de clorofila entre as épocas de colheita e queda das folhas em ambos locais. Os resultados de fluorescência máxima e rendimento quântico potencial foram superiores na região de maior altitude. A taxa de transporte de elétrons máxima foi mais elevada em São Joaquim no período da colheita e em Campo Belo do Sul na queda das folhas. Na colheita, a DFFFAsat foi superior em São Joaquim e na queda das folhas foi superior em Campo Belo do Sul. No período da colheita o teor de carboidratos nos ramos de Cabernet Sauvignon em São Joaquim foi superior ao encontrado em Campo Belo do Sul. Na queda das folhas o valor foi similar entre os locais. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para valores de carboidratos nos ramos no período da poda. Os teores de carboidratos nos ramos em Campo Belo do Sul foram superiores no período da poda. Em São Joaquim, os maiores valores foram observados na colheita e na poda. Os teores de carboidratos nas gemas não diferiram entre as regiões em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. Os maiores teores de carboidrato nas gemas foram observados nos períodos da colheita e da poda em ambos os locais. Nas folhas os teores foram superiores colheita em Campo Belo do Sul, em ambos períodos. Os teores de carboidratos nas folhas nas duas regiões foram semelhantes em ambos períodos avaliados. Em todas as épocas os teores de amido nos ramos foram similares para Campo Belo do Sul e São Joaquim. O teor de amido nos ramos na região de Campo Belo do Sul foi superior no período da poda. Na região de São Joaquim não houve diferença entre as épocas. Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de amido em gemas entre os locais em nenhum dos períodos. A concentração de amido em gemas de Cabernet Sauvignon foi superior no período da poda em ambas regiões. Na colheita e na queda das folhas os valores de amido foram superiores em Campo Belo do Sul. Os teores de amido nas folhas foram superiores no período da colheita em Campo Belo do Sul. Em São Joaquim não houve diferença entre os períodos. Em Campo Belo do Sul, as maiores concentrações de carboidratos e amido em ramos e gemas foram observadas no período da poda. Em São Joaquim as quantidades foram semelhantes na colheita e na poda, sendo superiores em relação a queda das folhas. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstram boas condições fotossintéticas das folhas e bom acúmulo de reservas em plantas de Cabernet Sauvignon em São Joaquim. Tais resultados não explicam a ocorrência de menor produtividade da variedade Cabernet Sauvignon nesse local. No entanto, outros fatores podem afetar a produtividade da videira, por isso, são necessários estudos adicionais a fim de compreender as diferenças produtivas entre as regiões.Abstract : Cabernet Sauvignon, one of the grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) with the largest cultivated area in Santa Catarina high altitude regions, has the potential to produce quality wines in regions above 900 m of altitude. However, it has showed lower productivity in São Joaquim in relation to lower altitude regions, mainly in Campo Belo do Sul. In view of the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence and reserves accumulation of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety in two highland regions of Santa Catarina, São Joaquim (1,400 m) and Campo Belo do Sul (950 m), in order to elucidate the physiological responses of the variety to the climatic conditions of its cultivation site. The experimental areas are at Abreu Garcia Winery, in Campo Belo do Sul and at the experimental station of Epagri, in São Joaquim. Twelve leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon were collected at both sites during the harvest and leaf fall periods to perform the fluorescence analyzes on leaves adapted to the dark and quantify the levels of chlorophyll. Light response curves were performed in five field leaves, in a completely randomized design, with 5 replications per site. The evaluation of carbohydrates and starch in Cabernet Sauvignon twigs and buds collected during the harvesting, leaf fall and pruning periods was also carried out at both sites. For this, a branch per plant of four plants was collected in each season and place. The levels of chlorophyll in the Cabernet Sauvignon leaves were highest in the region of higher altitude at harvest time. In the fall of the leaves no differences between the sites were observed. In addition, there was a decrease in the values of chlorophyll between harvesting time and leaves fall at both sites. The results of maximum fluorescence and potential quantum yield were higher at higher altitude region. The maximum electron transport rate was highest at São Joaquim in the harvest period and at Campo Belo do Sul in leaves fall. At harvest, PPFDsat was higher in São Joaquim and at leaves fall was higher in Campo Belo do Sul. In the harvest period, the carbohydrate content in the Cabernet Sauvignon branches in São Joaquim was higher than that found in Campo Belo do Sul. In the leaves fall the value was similar between the sites. No significant differences were observed for carbohydrate values in the pruning. Carbohydrate contents in the branches of Campo Belo do Sul were higher during the pruning period. In São Joaquim, the highest values were observed at harvest and pruning. The carbohydrate content in the buds did not differ between the two regions in any of the evaluated periods. The highest carbohydrate contents in the buds were observed during harvesting and pruning periods at both sites. In leaves the contents were highest at harvest in Campo Belo do Sul in both periods. Carbohydrate contents in leaves in both regions were similar in both evaluated periods. In all seasons the starch contents in the branches were similar to Campo Belo do Sul and São Joaquim. The starch content in the branches in the Campo Belo do Sul region was higher during the pruning period. In the region of São Joaquim there was no difference between the seasons. No differences were observed in the starch contents in buds between the sites in any of the periods. The concentration of starch in Cabernet Sauvignon buds was higher during the pruning period in both regions. In the harvest and the fall of the leaves, the starch values were higher in Campo Belo do Sul. The leaf starch content was higher during the harvest period in Campo Belo do Sul. In São Joaquim there was no difference between the periods. In Campo Belo do Sul, the highest concentrations of carbohydrates and starch in branches and buds were observed during the pruning period. In São Joaquim, the amounts were similar in the harvest and in the pruning, being superior in relation to the fall of the leaves. The results obtained in this study demonstrate good photosynthetic conditions of the leaves and good accumulation of reserves in Cabernet Sauvignon plants in São Joaquim. These results do not explain the occurrence of lower productivity of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety at this location. However, other factors may affect vine productivity, so additional studies are needed to understand the productive differences between regions

Desfolha de plantas matrizes de morangueiro para a produção de pontas de estolão

The objective of this work was to determine the sink‑source relationships and their effects on the number and growth of runner tips of 'Camino Real' strawberry stock plants. Three types of sources were evaluated: one defoliation at 96 days after planting (DAP), two defoliations at 50 and 96 DAP, and mother plants without defoliation. Four types of sink were accessed: runner tips collected weekly and monthly, four stolons with rooted runner tips in pots, and four freely-grown stolons. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with four replicates. The source types were placed in the plots, and sink types in the subplots. The number of runner tips, the crown diameter, and the dry matter mass were determined. Number and growth of tips were higher on plants without defoliation, and decreased 44.7% on twice‑defoliated mother plants. The two‑defoliation management did not reduce runner tip dry matter mass only on plants with rooted stolons, which produced runner tips 50% heavier. Defoliation of mother plants bearing rooting stolons can be used to reduce their growth, without reducing the emission and growth of runner tips.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as relações dreno‑fonte e seus efeitos sobre o número e o crescimento de pontas de estolões de plantas matrizes de morangueiro 'Camino Real'. Três tipos de fontes foram avaliadas: uma desfolha aos 96 dias após o plantio (DAP), duas desfolhas aos 50 e 96 DAP e plantas matrizes sem desfolha. Quatro tipos de drenos foram analisados: pontas de estolão coletadas semanal e mensalmente, quatro pontas enraizadas em vasos e quatro estolões de crescimento livre. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tipos de fonte foram dispostos nas parcelas, e os tipos de dreno, nas subparcelas. Foram determinados o número de pontas, o diâmetro de coroa e a massa de matéria seca. O número e o crescimento das pontas foram mais elevados nas plantas sem desfolhamento, e diminuíram 44,7% nas plantas matrizes com duas desfolhas. As duas desfolhas não reduziram a massa de matéria seca das pontas apenas nas plantas com estolões enraizados, as quais produziram pontas 50% mais pesadas. A desfolha das plantas matrizes com estolões enraizados pode ser usada para reduzir‑lhes o crescimento, sem reduzir a emissão e o crescimento das pontas de estolão

Seasons influence on content, yield and chemical composition of Origanum majorana L. essential oil

The aim of this study was to determine the season that provides the highest production and best quality of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oil in summer and winter transplants. Two experiments were performed in a protected cultivation, the first with transplantation in summer and the second with transplantation in winter, with a completely randomized design with four treatments, being the seasons of the year. Content, yield and chemical composition of the essential oil were determined. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. In the summer transplant the essential oil content and yield were higher in the summer and spring seasons. In the winter transplant the oil content was higher in the summer season and the yield in the summer and in spring. Carvacrol was the major component of marjoram essential oil regardless of harvest and transplant season. Of the other main compounds, only terpinolene was detected in all samples analyzed, with the other essential oil components varying between transplant and harvest seasons. The highest production of marjoram essential oil is obtained in summer and spring harvests from plants transplanted in summer and winter. The major components of marjoram essential oil are carvacrol and terpinolene

Production and composition of peppermint essential oil in seasons after summer and winter transplantations

The aim of this study was to determine the season that provides the highest production and best quality of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil in summer and winter transplantations. Two experiments were performed in a protected cultivation, the first with transplantation in summer and the second with transplantation in winter, with a completely randomized design with four treatments, being the seasons of the year. Content, yield and chemical composition of the essential oil were determined. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Essential oil content in summer and winter transplantations was higher in summer and essential oil yield was higher in spring. In the summer transplanting the major components were menthone, isomenthone and pulegone. In the winter transplanting menthone, menthofuran, isopulegone, pulegone and menthol were detected as major components. Menthofuran, a compound which reduces the essential oil quality, were found in high amounts in winter transplanted plants. The higher production of peppermint essential oil is obtained in summer and spring harvests and the main compound is menthone in all seasons. The best quality of essential oil is obtained in the summer transplanting.The aim of this study was to determine the season that provides the highest production and best quality of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil in summer and winter transplantations. Two experiments were performed in a protected cultivation, the first with transplantation in summer and the second with transplantation in winter, with a completely randomized design with four treatments, being the seasons of the year. Content, yield and chemical composition of the essential oil were determined. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Essential oil content in summer and winter transplantations was higher in summer and essential oil yield was higher in spring. In the summer transplanting the major components were menthone, isomenthone and pulegone. In the winter transplanting menthone, menthofuran, isopulegone, pulegone and menthol were detected as major components. Menthofuran, a compound which reduces the essential oil quality, were found in high amounts in winter transplanted plants. The higher production of peppermint essential oil is obtained in summer and spring harvests and the main compound is menthone in all seasons. The best quality of essential oil is obtained in the summer transplanting

Harvest interval for phytomass production of peppermint transplanted in summer and winter

The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate harvest interval for the phytomass production of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) transplanted in summer and winter. Two experiments were carried out in soilless cultivation, one with transplantation in summer and the other with transplantation in winter, in a completely randomized design, with five harvest intervals (30, 45, 60, 72, and 90 days) and four replicates. Fresh and dry matter weights of leaves, branches and shoots were determined. The fresh matter weight of peppermint leaves and the daily growth rate of this trait were similar between the harvest intervals for the transplantation performed in the summer. The dry matter weight of leaves was higher for the intervals of 72 days (90.80 g plant-1) and 90 days (90.24 g plant-1). For the transplantation performed in winter, the fresh matter and dry matter weights of leaves were higher for the intervals of 60 days (660.54 g plant-1, 107.14 g plant-1) and 90 days (630.40 g plant-1, 105.95 g plant-1). The same was observed for the daily growth rates of these traits. Peppermint harvests at 60-day intervals in winter transplantation are more appropriate for phytomass production. In summer transplantation, one can opt for the 45-day interval.The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate harvest interval for the phytomass production of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) transplanted in summer and winter. Two experiments were carried out in soilless cultivation, one with transplantation in summer and the other with transplantation in winter, in a completely randomized design, with five harvest intervals (30, 45, 60, 72, and 90 days) and four replicates. Fresh and dry matter weights of leaves, branches and shoots were determined. The fresh matter weight of peppermint leaves and the daily growth rate of this trait were similar between the harvest intervals for the transplantation performed in the summer. The dry matter weight of leaves was higher for the intervals of 72 days (90.80 g plant-1) and 90 days (90.24 g plant-1). For the transplantation performed in winter, the fresh matter and dry matter weights of leaves were higher for the intervals of 60 days (660.54 g plant-1, 107.14 g plant-1) and 90 days (630.40 g plant-1, 105.95 g plant-1). The same was observed for the daily growth rates of these traits. Peppermint harvests at 60-day intervals in winter transplantation are more appropriate for phytomass production. In summer transplantation, one can opt for the 45-day interval

Fitomassa de manjerona em intervalos de colheita em transplantes no verão e no inverno

The objective of this work was to determine the harvest interval for phytomass production of marjoram (Origanum majorana) in summer and winter transplants. Two independent experiments were performed in off-ground cultivation: one with a summer and another with a winter transplant, in a completely randomized design with five harvest intervals (30, 45, 60, 72, and 90 days) and four replicates. The fresh and dry masses of leaves, branches, and aerial part were determined. For each plant, the production accumulated in the harvests was calculated as affected by days after the transplant. The fresh matter mass of the leaves was higher at the intervals of 60 and 90 days, in the summer transplant, and of 72 and 90 days, in the winter transplant. Harvesting at intervals of 60 days in the summer transplant and of 72 days in the winter transplant are appropriate for marjoram phytomass production.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o intervalo de colheita para produção de fitomassa de manjerona (Origanum majorana), em transplantes no verão e no inverno. Foram realizados dois experimentos independentes em cultivo fora do solo: um com transplante no verão e outro no inverno, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco intervalos de colheita (30, 45, 60, 72 e 90 dias) e quatro repetições. Foram determinadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas, ramos e parte aérea. Para cada planta, foi calculada a produção acumulada nas colheitas em função dos dias após o transplante. A massa de matéria fresca de folhas foi superior nos intervalos de 60 e 90 dias, no transplante de verão, e de 72 e 90 dias, no transplante de inverno. Colheitas em intervalos de 60 dias, no transplante de verão, e de 72 dias, no transplante de inverno, são apropriadas para produção de fitomassa de manjerona

Suficiência amostral para estimar a média de caracteres de trigo

The objective of this work was to determine the sample size necessary for estimating the means of wheat (Triticum aestivum) traits, obtained through measurement, counting, and weighing. Seventeen uniformity trials were performed with 1,790 plants harvested randomly, whose following traits were evaluated: lengths of the main stem and main stem ear (measurement); number of leaves, stems, and ears (counting); and mass of fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems, and ears (weighing). The Bartlett and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Welch’s analysis of variance were performed. Skewness, central tendency, and variability were determined, and sample size was calculated to estimate the means of the 13 evaluated traits, considering estimation errors (semi-amplitudes of the 95% confidence interval) equal to 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the mean. There is a decrease in the sample size to estimate the means of wheat traits obtained through weighing, counting, and measuring, in this order. In an experiment to estimate the mean of wheat traits obtained by weighing, counting, and measuring with a maximum error of 10% of the mean at a 95% confidence interval, 117, 76, and 9 plants per treatment are needed, respectively.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra necessário para estimar a média de caracteres de trigo (Triticum aestivum) obtidos por meio de medição, contagem e pesagem. Dezessete ensaios de uniformidade foram feitos com 1,790 plantas colhidas aleatoriamente, cujos seguintes caracteres foram avaliados: comprimentos do colmo principal e da espiga do colmo principal (medição); número de folhas, colmos e espigas (contagem); e massa de matéria fresca e seca de folhas, colmos e espigas (pesagem). Realizaram-se os testes de Bartlett e Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a análise de variância de Welch. Determinaram-se as medidas de assimetria, tendência central e variabilidade, e calculou-se o tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média dos 13 caracteres avaliados, tendo-se considerado erros de estimação (semiamplitudes do intervalo de confiança de 95%) iguais a 5, 10, 15 e 20% da média. Há um decréscimo do tamanho de amostra para estimar a média dos caracteres de trigo obtidos por meio de pesagem, contagem e medição, nesta ordem. Em um experimento para estimar a média dos caracteres de trigo obtidos por pesagem, contagem e medição com erro máximo de 10% da média e nível de confiança de 95%, são necessárias 117, 76 e 9 plantas por tratamento, respectivamente

Defoliation of strawberry mother plants for the production of runner tips

The objective of this work was to determine the sink-source relationships and their effects on the number and growth of runner tips of 'Camino Real' strawberry stock plants. Three types of sources were evaluated: one defoliation at 96 days after planting (DAP), two defoliations at 50 and 96 DAP, and mother plants without defoliation. Four types of sink were accessed: runner tips collected weekly and monthly, four stolons with rooted runner tips in pots, and four freely-grown stolons. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with four replicates. The source types were placed in the plots, and sink types in the subplots. The number of runner tips, the crown diameter, and the dry matter mass were determined. Number and growth of tips were higher on plants without defoliation, and decreased 44.7% on twice-defoliated mother plants. The two-defoliation management did not reduce runner tip dry matter mass only on plants with rooted stolons, which produced runner tips 50% heavier. Defoliation of mother plants bearing rooting stolons can be used to reduce their growth, without reducing the emission and growth of runner tips

Defoliation of strawberry mother plants for the production of runner tips

The objective of this work was to determine the sink-source relationships and their effects on the number and growth of runner tips of 'Camino Real' strawberry stock plants. Three types of sources were evaluated: one defoliation at 96 days after planting (DAP), two defoliations at 50 and 96 DAP, and mother plants without defoliation. Four types of sink were accessed: runner tips collected weekly and monthly, four stolons with rooted runner tips in pots, and four freely-grown stolons. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with four replicates. The source types were placed in the plots, and sink types in the subplots. The number of runner tips, the crown diameter, and the dry matter mass were determined. Number and growth of tips were higher on plants without defoliation, and decreased 44.7% on twice-defoliated mother plants. The two-defoliation management did not reduce runner tip dry matter mass only on plants with rooted stolons, which produced runner tips 50% heavier. Defoliation of mother plants bearing rooting stolons can be used to reduce their growth, without reducing the emission and growth of runner tips